بعض موضوعات التخصص لمادة اللغة الانجليزية [الأرشيف]

samybassam

17-08-2008, 12:16 AM

مرسل لحضرات السادة والسيدات مدرسي ومدرسات اللغة الأنكليزية بعض الموضوعات في التخصص منها مثلا
politness and formality ,وبعض الوظائف اللغوية وسأواصل الارسال عندما أحصل على باقي الموضوعات .
الموضوع كله في الملف المرفق :

Politeness:

 Leech(1983) proposed some politeness maxims which help to imply meaning to show politeness or assert meaning directly to show politeness.
 Each politeness maxim deals with a specific speech act.
Tact maxim: states:
 ''Minimize cost to other; maximize benefit to other''
there is use of minimizers in requests to imply minimized cost to other (Hearer)
 ''Could you just open the window?''
''hang on a second'' to minimize cost to other.
 ''Would you mind helping me with the cooking'' is less direct than '' help me with the cooking'' thus sounding like asking permission from the ''other hearer'' thus giving the hearer freedom to comply or refuse, thus maximizing benefit to other.
 In offers: Imposing directness thus imposing benefit to other/ hearer in offers.
 Ex:
 ''Have a seat''
 Approbation maxim: praise/ dispraise
''Minimize dispraise of other;
maximize praise of other''
 It is more polite to praise than to dispraise.
 However, if speaker wants to dispraise then they are expected to minimize the dispraise indirectly.
 S: ex:
Do you like my hair
H: 1) yes praise
2)'' Did you make it yourself?'' indirect dispraise
2) Therefore, polite because hearer has minimized dispraise by following an indirect route, avoiding explicit avoiding explicit dispraise.
3) Not really direct dispraise not polite because hearer has maximized dispraise thus flouting the approbation maxim.
 Modesty maxim:
has to do with self- praise
''Minimize praise to self, maximize dispraise to self''.
A: '' Your performance was outstanding''
B: '' Oh really? I don't think it was that good''
 B here is following the politeness modesty maxim because B has minimized praise to self which is opposite to modesty maxim which states that B has to minimize praise to self.
 Generosity maxim: offers/ requests
 ''Minimize benefit to self; maximize cost to self''
 you can take my car minimizing benefit to self rather than '' I can lend you y car''
 thus maximizing benefit to self.
 Agreement maxim:
 '' minimize disagreement between self and other maximize agreement between self and other''.
A: '' This film is interesting''
B: ''Yes, definitely'' maximizing agreement between self
And other.
A: '' This film is boring''
B: '' Yes, but the script is good''.
 B is minimizing disagreement between self and other by saying ''yes'' to show agreement partly, then showing an advantage of the film.

 Exercises:
 Arrange the following utterances from most polite to least polite and explaining why referring to leech's politeness maxims.
1- Could I possibly ask you to close the window?
2- can you close the window.
3- Close the window.
 Number one is the most polite request because it fully applies the tact maxim tact maxim of politeness which states ''maximize benefit to other; minimize cost to other ''
 ''could I possibly ask you to….'' Is very indirect, sounding as asking for permission from hearer to ask a question rather than directly the focus to close the window.
 Thus, maximizing benefit to other and minimizing cost to other.
2- Can you close the window is less direct than the first request'' could I possibly…'' therefore, it is less polite than the previous request.
It also applies the tact politeness maxim by maximizing benefit to other but not as much as ''could I possibly ask….'' It is a less indirect request therefore, it is less polite.
3- Is the least polite because it is a direct request ''close the window'' giving no freedom to the hearer to refuse or comply thus '' minimizing benefit to other; and maximizing cost to other'' opposite to the tact maim, therefore, impolite.
2) A: your cake tastes wonderful! Most polite
B: a) Have another slice
b) It's a simple recipe
c) Everybody likes my cooking least polite
a) ''Have another slice'', is the most polite because it applies the politeness. Modesty maxim fully which states ''minimize praise to self; maximize dispraise to self''. B answers with an offer which increase benefit to other and suppressing reference to self.
b) ''It's a simple recipe'' B shifts benefit to the simple recipe not her being good and suppressing reference to self by referring to the recipe not to her, thus applying the modesty maxim by minimizing praise to self.
c) Is least polite than the other two because B maximizes praise to self which is opposite to the modesty maxim which states '' minimize praise to self''.