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1 Articles and one, a little/a few, this, that
1 a/an (the indefinite article)
The form a is used before a word beginning with a consonant, or a vowel with a consonant sound:
a man a hat a university a European
a one-way street
The form an is used before words beginning with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) or words beginning with a mute h:
an apple an island an uncle
an egg an onion an hour
or individual letters spoken with a vowel sound:
an L-plate an MP an SOS an 'x' a/an is the same for all genders:
a man a woman an actor an actress a table
2 Use of a/an is used:
A Before a singular noun which is countable (i.e. of which there is more than one) when it is mentioned for the first time and represents no particular person or thing:
/ need a visa. They live in a flat. He bought an ice-cream.
B Before a singular countable noun which is used as an example of a class of things:
A car must be insured =
All cars/Any car must be insured.
A child needs love =
All children need/Any child needs love.
C With a noun complement. This includes names of professions:
It was an earthquake. She'll be a dancer. He is an actor.
D In certain expressions of quantity: a lot of a couple
a great many a dozen (but one dozen is also possible)
a great deal of
E With certain numbers
a hundred a thousand (See 349 ) Before half when half follows a whole number
ll/2 kilos = one and a half kilos or a kilo and a half But 1/2 kg = half a kilo (no a before half), though a + half + noun is sometimes possible
a half holiday a half portion a half share With 1/3 1/4, 1/5 etc a is usual a third, a quarter etc , but one is also possible (See 350 )
F In expressions of price, speed, ratio etc
5p a kilo £1 a metre sixty kilometres an hour
lOp a dozen four times a day (Here a/an = per )
G In exclamations before singular, countable nouns
Such a long queue' What a pretty girl' But Such long queues' What pretty girls' (Plural nouns, so no article See 3 )
H a can be placed before Mr/Mrs/Miss + surname
a Mr Smith a Mrs Smith a Miss Smith
a Mr Smith means 'a man called Smith' and implies that he is a stranger to the speaker Mr Smith, without a, implies that the speaker knows Mr Smith or knows of his existence
(For the difference between a/an and one, see 4 For a few and a little, see 5 )
3 Omission of a/an a/an is omitted
A Before plural nouns
a/an has no plural form. So the plural of a dog is dogs, and of
an egg is eggs
B Before uncountable nouns (see 13)
C Before names of meals, except when these are preceded by an adjective
We have breakfast at eight
He gave us a good breakfast
The article is also used when it is a special meal given to celebrate something or in someone's honour
/ was invited to dinner (at their house, in the ordinary way) but
/ was invited to a dinner given to welcome the new ambassador
4 a/an and one
A a/an and one (adjective)
1 When counting or measuring time, distance, weight etc we can use either a/an or one for the singular:
£1 = a/one pound £1,000,000 = a/one million pounds (See chapter 36.)
But note that in The rent is £100 a week the a before week is not replaceable by one (see 2 F)
In other types of statement a/an and one are not normally interchangeable, because one + noun normally means 'one only/not more than one' and a/an does not mean this
A shotgun is no good (It is the wrong sort of thing )
One shotgun is no good (I need two or three )
2 Special uses of one
(a) one (adjective/pronoun) used with another/others
One (boy) wanted to read, another/others wanted to watch TV
(See 53 )
One day he wanted his lunch early, another day he wanted it late
(b) one can be used before day/week/month/year/summer/winter etc or before the name of the day or month to denote a particular time when something happened
One night there was a terrible storm One winter the snow fell early One day a telegram arrived
(c) one day can also be used to mean 'at some future date'.
One day you 'II be sorry you treated him so badly (Some day would also be possible ) (For one and you, see 68 )
B a/an and one (pronoun)
one is the pronoun *****alent of a/an
Did you get a ticket? ~ Yes, I managed to get one The plural of one used in this way is some
Did you get tickets? ~ Yes, I managed to get some
5 a little/a few and little/few
A a little/little (adjectives) are used before uncountable nouns:
a little salt/little salt a few/few (adjectives) are used before plural nouns.
a few people/few people All four forms can also be used as pronouns, either alone or with of:
Sugar? ~ A little, please
Only a few of these are any good
B a little, a few (adjectives and pronouns)
a little is a small amount, or what the speaker considers a small
amount, a few is a small number, or what the speaker considers a small number.
only placed before a little/a few emphasizes that the number or amount really is small in the speaker's opinion:
Only a few of our customers have accounts But quite placed before a few increases the number considerably:
/ have quite a few books on art (quite a lot of books)
C little and few (adjectives and pronouns)
little and few denote scarcity or lack and have almost the force of a negative:
There was little time for consultation.
Little is known about the side-effects of this drug.
Few towns have such splendid trees.
This use of little and few is mainly confined to written English (probably because in conversation little and few might easily be mistaken for a little/a few). In conversation, therefore, little and few are normally replaced by hardly any A negative verb + much/many is also possible:
We saw little = We saw hardly anything/We didn't see much.
Tourists come here but few stay overnight =
Tourists come here but hardly any stay overnight. But little and few can be used more freely when they are qualified by so, very, too, extremely, comparatively, relatively etc. fewer (comparative) can also be used more freely.
I'm unwilling to try a drug I know so little about
They have too many technicians, we have too few
There are fewer butterflies every year.
D a little/little (adverbs)
1 a little can be used-
(a) with verbs: It rained a little during the night.
They grumbled a little about having to wait.
(b) with 'unfavourable' adjectives and adverbs: a little anxious a little unwillingly
a little annoyed a little impatiently
(c) with comparative adjectives or adverbs:
The paper should be a little thicker
Can't you walk a little faster?
rather could replace a little in (b) and can also be used before comparatives (see 42), though a little is more usual. In colloquial English a bit could be used instead of a little in all the above examples.
2 little is used chiefly with better or more in fairly formal style'
His second suggestion was little (= not much) better than his first.
He was little (= not much) more than a child when his father died It can also, in formal English, be placed before certain verbs, for example expect, know, suspect, think:
He little expected to find himself in prison He little thought that one day Note also the adjectives little-known and little-used: a little-known painter a little-used footpath
6 the (the definite article)
A Form
the is the same for singular and plural and for all genders: the boy the girl the day the boys the girls the days
B Use
The definite article is used.
1 When the object or group of objects is unique or considered to be unique:
the earth the sea the sky the equator the stars
2 Before a noun which has become definite as a result of being mentioned a second time:
His car struck a tree; you can still see the mark on the tree
3 Before a noun made definite by the addition of a phrase or clause:
the girl in blue the man with the banner the boy that I met the place where I met him
4 Before a noun which by reason of locality can represent only one particular thing:
Ann is in the garden (the garden of this house)
Please pass the wine, (the wine on the table)
Similarly, the postman (the one who comes to us), the car (our car), the newspaper (the one we read).
5 Before superlatives and first, second etc. used as adjectives or pronouns, and only:
the first (week) the best day the only way
C the + singular noun can represent a class of animals or things.
The whale is in danger of becoming extinct.
The deep-freeze has made life easier for housewives But man, used to represent the human race, has no article
If oil supplies run out, man may have to fall back on the horse. the can be used before a member of a certain group of people:
The small shopkeeper is finding life increasingly difficult the + singular noun as used above takes a singular verb. The pronoun is he, she or it
The first-class traveller pays more so he expects some comfort.
D the + adjective represents a class of persons: the old = old people in general (see 23)
E the is used before certain proper names of seas, rivers, groups of islands, chains of mountains, plural names of countnes, deserts, regions
the Atlantic the Netherlands
the Thames the Sahara
the Azores the Crimea
the Alps the Riviera
and before certain other names
the City the Mall the Sudan
the Hague the Strand the Yemen
the is also used before names consisting of noun + of + noun
the Bay of Biscay the Gulf of Mexico
the Cape of Good Hope the United States of America
the is used before names consisting of adjective + noun (provided the adjective is not east, west etc )
the Arabian Sea the New Forest the High Street the is used before the adjectives east/west etc + noun in certain names
the East/West End the East/West Indies
the North/South Pole but is normally omitted
Smith Africa North America West Germany the, however, is used before east/west etc when these are nouns
the north of Spam the West (geographical)
the Middle East the West (political)
Compare Go north (adverb in a northerly direction) with He lives in the north (noun an area in the north)
F the is used before other proper names consisting of adjective + noun or noun + of + noun
the National Gallery the Tower of London It is also used before names of choirs, orchestras, pop groups etc
the Bach Choir the Philadelphia Orchestra the Beatles and before names of newspapers (The Times) and ships (the Great Britain)
G the with names of people has a very limited use the + plural surname can be used to mean 'the family'
the Smiths = Mr and Mrs Smith (and children) the + singular name + clause/phrase can be used to distinguish one person from another of the same name
We have two Mr Smiths Which do you want-1 ~ I want the Mr
Smith who signed this letter
the is used before titles containing of (the Duke of York) but it is not used before other titles or ranks (Lord Olivier, Captain Cook), though if someone is referred to by title/rank alone the is used
The earl expected The captain ordered
Letters written to two or more unmarned sisters jointly may be addressed The Misses + surname The Misses Smith.
7 Omission of the
A The definite article is not used
1 Before names of places except as shown above or before names of people
2 Before abstract nouns except when they are used in a particular sense
Men fear death but
The death of the Prime Minister left his party without a leader
3 After a noun in the possessive case, or a possessive adjective
the boy s uncle = the uncle of the boy
It is my (blue) book = The (blue) book is mine
4 Before names of meals (but see 3 C)
The Scots have porridge for breakfast but
The wedding breakfast was held in her father s house
5 Before names of games He plays golf
6 Before parts of the body and articles of clothing as these normally prefer a possessive adjective
Raise your right hand He took off his coat But notice that sentences of the type
She seized the child's collar
I patted his shoulder
The brick hit John s face could be expressed
She seized the child by the collar
I patted him on the shoulder
The brick hit John in the face Similarly in the passive
He was hit on the head He was cut in the hand
B Note that in some European languages the definite article is used before indefinite plural nouns but that in English the is never used m this way Women are expected to like babies (i e women in general) Big hotels all over the world are very much the same If we put the before women m the first example, it would mean that we were referring to a particular group of women
C nature where it means the spirit creating and motivating the world of plants and animals etc is used without the
If you interfere with nature you will suffer for it
8 Omission of the before home, before church, hospital, prison, school etc and before work, sea and town
A home
When home is used alone i e is not preceded or followed by a descriptive word or phrase, the is omitted He is at home
home used alone can be placed directly after a verb of motion or verb of motion + object, i.e. it can be treated as an adverb
He went home I arrived home after dark I sent him home But when home is preceded or followed by a descriptive word or phrase it is treated like any other noun:
They went to their new home.
We arrived at the bride's home.
For some years this was the home of your queen.
A mud hut was the only home he had ever known.
B bed, church, court, hospital, prison, school/college/university
the is not used before the nouns listed above when these places are
visited or used for their primary purpose. We go:
to bed to sleep or as invalids to hospital as patients to church to pray to pnson as prisoners
to court as litigants etc. to school/college/university to study
Similarly we can be:
in bed, sleeping or resting in hospital as patients at church as worshippers at school etc. as students
in court as witnesses etc.
We can be/get back (or be/get home) from school/college/university.
We can leave school, leave hospital, be released from pnson.
When these places are visited or used for other reasons the is
necessary:
/ went to the church to see the stained glass. He goes to the pnson sometimes to give lectures.
C sea
We go to sea as sailors. To be at sea = to be on a voyage (as passengers or crew). But to go to or be at the sea = to go to or be at the seaside. We can also live by/near the sea.
D work and office
work (= place of work) is used without the:
He's on his way to work. He is at work.
He isn 't back from work yet
Note that at work can also mean 'working'; hard at work = working hard:
He's hard at work on a new picture, office (= place of work) needs the: He is at/in the office. To be in office (without the) means to hold an official (usually political) position. To be out of office = to be no longer in power.
E town
the can be omitted when speaking of the subject's or speaker's own town:
We go to town sometimes to buy clothes.
We were in town last Monday.
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1 Articles and one, a little/a few, this, that
1 a/an (the indefinite article)
The form a is used before a word beginning with a consonant, or a vowel with a consonant sound:
a man a hat a university a European
a one-way street
The form an is used before words beginning with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) or words beginning with a mute h:
an apple an island an uncle
an egg an onion an hour
or individual letters spoken with a vowel sound:
an L-plate an MP an SOS an 'x' a/an is the same for all genders:
a man a woman an actor an actress a table
2 Use of a/an is used:
A Before a singular noun which is countable (i.e. of which there is more than one) when it is mentioned for the first time and represents no particular person or thing:
/ need a visa. They live in a flat. He bought an ice-cream.
B Before a singular countable noun which is used as an example of a class of things:
A car must be insured =
All cars/Any car must be insured.
A child needs love =
All children need/Any child needs love.
C With a noun complement. This includes names of professions:
It was an earthquake. She'll be a dancer. He is an actor.
D In certain expressions of quantity: a lot of a couple
a great many a dozen (but one dozen is also possible)
a great deal of
E With certain numbers
a hundred a thousand (See 349 ) Before half when half follows a whole number
ll/2 kilos = one and a half kilos or a kilo and a half But 1/2 kg = half a kilo (no a before half), though a + half + noun is sometimes possible
a half holiday a half portion a half share With 1/3 1/4, 1/5 etc a is usual a third, a quarter etc , but one is also possible (See 350 )
F In expressions of price, speed, ratio etc
5p a kilo £1 a metre sixty kilometres an hour
lOp a dozen four times a day (Here a/an = per )
G In exclamations before singular, countable nouns
Such a long queue' What a pretty girl' But Such long queues' What pretty girls' (Plural nouns, so no article See 3 )
H a can be placed before Mr/Mrs/Miss + surname
a Mr Smith a Mrs Smith a Miss Smith
a Mr Smith means 'a man called Smith' and implies that he is a stranger to the speaker Mr Smith, without a, implies that the speaker knows Mr Smith or knows of his existence
(For the difference between a/an and one, see 4 For a few and a little, see 5 )
3 Omission of a/an a/an is omitted
A Before plural nouns
a/an has no plural form. So the plural of a dog is dogs, and of
an egg is eggs
B Before uncountable nouns (see 13)
C Before names of meals, except when these are preceded by an adjective
We have breakfast at eight
He gave us a good breakfast
The article is also used when it is a special meal given to celebrate something or in someone's honour
/ was invited to dinner (at their house, in the ordinary way) but
/ was invited to a dinner given to welcome the new ambassador
4 a/an and one
A a/an and one (adjective)
1 When counting or measuring time, distance, weight etc we can use either a/an or one for the singular:
£1 = a/one pound £1,000,000 = a/one million pounds (See chapter 36.)
But note that in The rent is £100 a week the a before week is not replaceable by one (see 2 F)
In other types of statement a/an and one are not normally interchangeable, because one + noun normally means 'one only/not more than one' and a/an does not mean this
A shotgun is no good (It is the wrong sort of thing )
One shotgun is no good (I need two or three )
2 Special uses of one
(a) one (adjective/pronoun) used with another/others
One (boy) wanted to read, another/others wanted to watch TV
(See 53 )
One day he wanted his lunch early, another day he wanted it late
(b) one can be used before day/week/month/year/summer/winter etc or before the name of the day or month to denote a particular time when something happened
One night there was a terrible storm One winter the snow fell early One day a telegram arrived
(c) one day can also be used to mean 'at some future date'.
One day you 'II be sorry you treated him so badly (Some day would also be possible ) (For one and you, see 68 )
B a/an and one (pronoun)
one is the pronoun *****alent of a/an
Did you get a ticket? ~ Yes, I managed to get one The plural of one used in this way is some
Did you get tickets? ~ Yes, I managed to get some
5 a little/a few and little/few
A a little/little (adjectives) are used before uncountable nouns:
a little salt/little salt a few/few (adjectives) are used before plural nouns.
a few people/few people All four forms can also be used as pronouns, either alone or with of:
Sugar? ~ A little, please
Only a few of these are any good
B a little, a few (adjectives and pronouns)
a little is a small amount, or what the speaker considers a small
amount, a few is a small number, or what the speaker considers a small number.
only placed before a little/a few emphasizes that the number or amount really is small in the speaker's opinion:
Only a few of our customers have accounts But quite placed before a few increases the number considerably:
/ have quite a few books on art (quite a lot of books)
C little and few (adjectives and pronouns)
little and few denote scarcity or lack and have almost the force of a negative:
There was little time for consultation.
Little is known about the side-effects of this drug.
Few towns have such splendid trees.
This use of little and few is mainly confined to written English (probably because in conversation little and few might easily be mistaken for a little/a few). In conversation, therefore, little and few are normally replaced by hardly any A negative verb + much/many is also possible:
We saw little = We saw hardly anything/We didn't see much.
Tourists come here but few stay overnight =
Tourists come here but hardly any stay overnight. But little and few can be used more freely when they are qualified by so, very, too, extremely, comparatively, relatively etc. fewer (comparative) can also be used more freely.
I'm unwilling to try a drug I know so little about
They have too many technicians, we have too few
There are fewer butterflies every year.
D a little/little (adverbs)
1 a little can be used-
(a) with verbs: It rained a little during the night.
They grumbled a little about having to wait.
(b) with 'unfavourable' adjectives and adverbs: a little anxious a little unwillingly
a little annoyed a little impatiently
(c) with comparative adjectives or adverbs:
The paper should be a little thicker
Can't you walk a little faster?
rather could replace a little in (b) and can also be used before comparatives (see 42), though a little is more usual. In colloquial English a bit could be used instead of a little in all the above examples.
2 little is used chiefly with better or more in fairly formal style'
His second suggestion was little (= not much) better than his first.
He was little (= not much) more than a child when his father died It can also, in formal English, be placed before certain verbs, for example expect, know, suspect, think:
He little expected to find himself in prison He little thought that one day Note also the adjectives little-known and little-used: a little-known painter a little-used footpath
6 the (the definite article)
A Form
the is the same for singular and plural and for all genders: the boy the girl the day the boys the girls the days
B Use
The definite article is used.
1 When the object or group of objects is unique or considered to be unique:
the earth the sea the sky the equator the stars
2 Before a noun which has become definite as a result of being mentioned a second time:
His car struck a tree; you can still see the mark on the tree
3 Before a noun made definite by the addition of a phrase or clause:
the girl in blue the man with the banner the boy that I met the place where I met him
4 Before a noun which by reason of locality can represent only one particular thing:
Ann is in the garden (the garden of this house)
Please pass the wine, (the wine on the table)
Similarly, the postman (the one who comes to us), the car (our car), the newspaper (the one we read).
5 Before superlatives and first, second etc. used as adjectives or pronouns, and only:
the first (week) the best day the only way
C the + singular noun can represent a class of animals or things.
The whale is in danger of becoming extinct.
The deep-freeze has made life easier for housewives But man, used to represent the human race, has no article
If oil supplies run out, man may have to fall back on the horse. the can be used before a member of a certain group of people:
The small shopkeeper is finding life increasingly difficult the + singular noun as used above takes a singular verb. The pronoun is he, she or it
The first-class traveller pays more so he expects some comfort.
D the + adjective represents a class of persons: the old = old people in general (see 23)
E the is used before certain proper names of seas, rivers, groups of islands, chains of mountains, plural names of countnes, deserts, regions
the Atlantic the Netherlands
the Thames the Sahara
the Azores the Crimea
the Alps the Riviera
and before certain other names
the City the Mall the Sudan
the Hague the Strand the Yemen
the is also used before names consisting of noun + of + noun
the Bay of Biscay the Gulf of Mexico
the Cape of Good Hope the United States of America
the is used before names consisting of adjective + noun (provided the adjective is not east, west etc )
the Arabian Sea the New Forest the High Street the is used before the adjectives east/west etc + noun in certain names
the East/West End the East/West Indies
the North/South Pole but is normally omitted
Smith Africa North America West Germany the, however, is used before east/west etc when these are nouns
the north of Spam the West (geographical)
the Middle East the West (political)
Compare Go north (adverb in a northerly direction) with He lives in the north (noun an area in the north)
F the is used before other proper names consisting of adjective + noun or noun + of + noun
the National Gallery the Tower of London It is also used before names of choirs, orchestras, pop groups etc
the Bach Choir the Philadelphia Orchestra the Beatles and before names of newspapers (The Times) and ships (the Great Britain)
G the with names of people has a very limited use the + plural surname can be used to mean 'the family'
the Smiths = Mr and Mrs Smith (and children) the + singular name + clause/phrase can be used to distinguish one person from another of the same name
We have two Mr Smiths Which do you want-1 ~ I want the Mr
Smith who signed this letter
the is used before titles containing of (the Duke of York) but it is not used before other titles or ranks (Lord Olivier, Captain Cook), though if someone is referred to by title/rank alone the is used
The earl expected The captain ordered
Letters written to two or more unmarned sisters jointly may be addressed The Misses + surname The Misses Smith.
7 Omission of the
A The definite article is not used
1 Before names of places except as shown above or before names of people
2 Before abstract nouns except when they are used in a particular sense
Men fear death but
The death of the Prime Minister left his party without a leader
3 After a noun in the possessive case, or a possessive adjective
the boy s uncle = the uncle of the boy
It is my (blue) book = The (blue) book is mine
4 Before names of meals (but see 3 C)
The Scots have porridge for breakfast but
The wedding breakfast was held in her father s house
5 Before names of games He plays golf
6 Before parts of the body and articles of clothing as these normally prefer a possessive adjective
Raise your right hand He took off his coat But notice that sentences of the type
She seized the child's collar
I patted his shoulder
The brick hit John s face could be expressed
She seized the child by the collar
I patted him on the shoulder
The brick hit John in the face Similarly in the passive
He was hit on the head He was cut in the hand
B Note that in some European languages the definite article is used before indefinite plural nouns but that in English the is never used m this way Women are expected to like babies (i e women in general) Big hotels all over the world are very much the same If we put the before women m the first example, it would mean that we were referring to a particular group of women
C nature where it means the spirit creating and motivating the world of plants and animals etc is used without the
If you interfere with nature you will suffer for it
8 Omission of the before home, before church, hospital, prison, school etc and before work, sea and town
A home
When home is used alone i e is not preceded or followed by a descriptive word or phrase, the is omitted He is at home
home used alone can be placed directly after a verb of motion or verb of motion + object, i.e. it can be treated as an adverb
He went home I arrived home after dark I sent him home But when home is preceded or followed by a descriptive word or phrase it is treated like any other noun:
They went to their new home.
We arrived at the bride's home.
For some years this was the home of your queen.
A mud hut was the only home he had ever known.
B bed, church, court, hospital, prison, school/college/university
the is not used before the nouns listed above when these places are
visited or used for their primary purpose. We go:
to bed to sleep or as invalids to hospital as patients to church to pray to pnson as prisoners
to court as litigants etc. to school/college/university to study
Similarly we can be:
in bed, sleeping or resting in hospital as patients at church as worshippers at school etc. as students
in court as witnesses etc.
We can be/get back (or be/get home) from school/college/university.
We can leave school, leave hospital, be released from pnson.
When these places are visited or used for other reasons the is
necessary:
/ went to the church to see the stained glass. He goes to the pnson sometimes to give lectures.
C sea
We go to sea as sailors. To be at sea = to be on a voyage (as passengers or crew). But to go to or be at the sea = to go to or be at the seaside. We can also live by/near the sea.
D work and office
work (= place of work) is used without the:
He's on his way to work. He is at work.
He isn 't back from work yet
Note that at work can also mean 'working'; hard at work = working hard:
He's hard at work on a new picture, office (= place of work) needs the: He is at/in the office. To be in office (without the) means to hold an official (usually political) position. To be out of office = to be no longer in power.
E town
the can be omitted when speaking of the subject's or speaker's own town:
We go to town sometimes to buy clothes.
We were in town last Monday.