من روائع اللغة الانجليزية

[ابو بيشو]

as1 S1 W1

1 used when you are comparing two people, things, situations etc as ... as Tom's not as old as you, is he?
an old woman with hair as white as snow
Some of the doctors are paid almost twice as much as the nurses.
We work as hard as any other team in England.

Please let me know your decision as soon as possible (=as soon as you can).
His last album sold half a million copies and we hope this one will be just as (=equally) popular.


2 used to say what job, duty, use, or appearance someone or something has: As a parent, I feel that more should be done to protect our children.
A flat stone was used as a table.
Dad dressed up as Santa Claus.


3 used to say what someone thinks or says a person or thing is: The problem is regarded as serious.
The result of last week's election will be seen as a victory for the right-wing government.
He's described as being in his late teens, tall, and of slim build.


4 when someone was in a particular age group: As a young man, Eliot had studied art in Paris.
I'll take you to all the places I loved as a girl.

➔ such as

at such (2) ➔ as one

at one2 (16)WORD CHOICE: WORD CHOICE:

as, like, as if Use as in comparisons in the expression as ... as, with an adjective or adverb in between • Basketball is as popular as football here. • He can't read as well as his classmates.as is also used in the expressions not so .... as and the same (...) as • I wouldn't go so far as that. • He is the same age as me. Use like in comparisons followed by a noun • A movie is not like a book (NOT not as a book). • Like other people (NOT as other people), he values his privacy. Use as if followed by a clause to compare a real situation with an imaginary situation • He talked to them as if they were children.!! Some people use like in this sort of comparison • They act like they own the place. It is better not to do this as many people think it is incorrect.!!as if cannot be followed directly by a noun • You treat them as if they were your parents (NOT as if your parents).

[ابو بيشو]

as2 S1 W1

1 used in comparisons as ... as They want peace as much as we do.
Helen comes to visit me as often as she can.
I can't run as fast as I used to.



2XX in the way that someone says or that something happens, or in the condition something is in: Do as I say!
We'd better leave things as they are until the police arrive.
The money was repaid, as promised.
He did not need to keep moving house, as his father had.
Roberta was late as usual (=in the way that she usually was).


3 used to say that what you are saying is already known or has been stated before: David, as you know, has not been well lately.
As I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting.
As Napoleon once said, attack is the best method of defence.


4 while or when: I saw Peter as I was getting off the bus.
As time passed, things seemed to get worse.
Just as the two men were leaving, a message arrived.


5 used to state why a particular situation exists or why someone does something: As it was getting late, I turned around to start for home.
We asked Philip to come with us, as he knew the road.


6 though: Unlikely as it might seem, I'm tired too.
Try as she might, Sue couldn't get the door open.
As popular as he is, the President hasn't always managed to have his own way.


7 as for somebody/something

used when you are starting to talk about someone or something new that is connected with what you were talking about before: Kitty's got so thin. And as for Carl, he always seems to be ill.
You can ask the others, but as for myself, I'll be busy in the office.


8 as yet

[used in negatives] until and including the present time - used to say that something has not happened although it may happen in the future: We've had no word from Colin as yet.


9 as if.../as though...

a) in a way that makes it seem that something is true or that something is happening: It sounds as though she's been really ill.
Gary was behaving as though nothing had happened.
Mrs Crump looked as if she was going to explode.
Beckworth shook his head as if to say 'Don't trust her'.

b) used to emphasize that something is not true or will not happen: She said she'd never speak to me again. As if I cared (=I do not care at all).
'Don't try any funny business, now.' 'As if I would.'
As if! spoken informal: He asked if I'd go out with him. As if! (=it is extremely unlikely that I would go out with him)

➔ see usage note as1


10 it's not as if

used to say that something cannot be the explanation for a situation or someone's behaviour because it is not true: Why do they never go on holiday? I mean it's not as if they're poor is it?
I don't know why you're so frightened of her, it's not as if she's got any power over you.


11 as it is

a) because of the situation that actually exists - used when that situation is different from what you expected or need: They hoped to finish the kitchen by Friday, but as it is they'll probably have to come back next week.

b) already: Just keep quiet - you're in enough trouble as it is.



12 as from/of something

starting from a particular time or date and continuing: As from today, you are in charge of the office.
As of now, there will be no more paid overtime.


13 as against something

in comparison with something: Profits this year are $2.5 million as against $4 million last year.


14 as to something

a) concerning: Frank was very uncertain as to whether it was the right job for him.
advice as to which suppliers to approach
He kept his rivals guessing as to his real intentions.

b) formal used when you are starting to talk about something new that is connected with what you were talking about before: As to our future plans, I think I need only say that the company intends to expand at a steady rate.



15 as it were

used when describing someone or something in a way that is not quite exact: Jim Radcliffe became our idol, as it were, the man we all wanted to be.


16 as is/was/does etc

formal used to add that what you have said is also true of someone or something else: Eve's very tall, as was her mother.
I voted Labour, as did my wife.


17 as you do

British English spoken in the way that people usually do something or how they normally behave; often used humorously by people after they have mentioned doing something strange or unusual: We talked, exchanged email addresses and phone numbers, as you do on planes.
I was driving a Ferrari through town yesterday - as you do - when I saw an old schoolfriend outside the cinema.

[ابو بيشو]

either ... or

a) used to begin a list of two or more possibilities:
You add either one or two cloves of garlic.
She's the kind of person you either love or hate.
➔see usage note also
b) used to say that if one thing does not happen then something else will have to:
It's your choice! Either she leaves or I will!
£75 seems a lot to pay for a starter motor, but it's either that or a new car!
c)
an either-or situation

a situation in which you cannot avoid having to make a decision or choice

[ابو بيشو]

by
who/what does something

used especially with a passive verb to say who or what does something or makes something happen:
I was attacked by a dog.
a church designed by the famous architect, Sir Christopher Wren
We are all alarmed by the rise in violent crime.
interference by the state in the affairs of the Church
his appointment by the BBC as a producer
2
means/method

used to say what means or method someone uses to do something:
You can reserve the tickets by phone.
Send it by airmail.
Some customers prefer to pay by cheque.
by car/train/bus/taxi etc
They travelled to Chicago by train.
by air/sea/land/road/rail etc
All supplies are transported by air.
by doing something
She earns her living by selling insurance.
He was taken from his home by force.
3XX
road/door

used to say which road, entrance, door etc someone uses to get to a place:
They came in by the back door.
It's quicker to go by the country route.
4XX
taking hold

used to say which part of an object or of a person's body someone takes hold of:
He took Elaine by the arm and led her across the road.
She grabbed the hammer by the handle.
5
writer/composer etc

used to give the name of someone who wrote a book, produced a film, wrote a piece of music etc:
the 'New World Symphony' by Dvorak
a short story by Charles Dickens
Who's it by?
6
beside

beside or near something:
She stood by the window.
Jane went and sat by Patrick.
7
past

past someone or something without stopping:
He walked right by me without even saying hello.
I pass by the farm every day on my way to work.
8
before

before or not later than a particular time:
The documents need to be ready by next Friday.
I reckon the film should be over by 9.30.
By the end of the day we had sold over 2000 tickets.
By the time we got home we were tired and hungry.
9
according to

according to a particular rule, method, or way of doing things:
You've got to play by the rules.
Profits were £6 million, but by our standards this is low.
10XX
change/difference

used to say how great a change or difference is:
The price of oil fell by a further $2 a barrel.
I was overcharged by £3.
Godard's first film was better by far (=by a large amount or degree).
11
measurements

used to give the measurements of a room, container etc:
a room 15 metres by 23 metres
12XX
quantity

used to show what unit of measurement or quantity is involved in selling, paying for, producing etc something:
Eggs are sold by the dozen.
We're paid by the hour.
She wanted to tear his hair out by the handful.
13XX
gradual change

used to say that something happens gradually:
Day by day he grew weaker.
Little by little I was beginning to discover the truth about Garfield.
One by one, the men stepped forward.
14XX
quick change

used to say that something or someone is quickly becoming worse, better etc:
The financial crisis was growing more serious by the hour.
15
light

used to say that something happens in a particular kind of light:
We walked through the palace gardens by moonlight.
16
by day/night

during the day or the night:
a tour of Paris by night
17XX
job/nature etc

used when you are giving information about someone's character, job, origin etc:
George I and George II were Germans by birth.
Cautious by nature, Simpkin was reluctant to interfere.
Robert Key was a teacher by profession.
18
visiting

in order to visit a person or place for a short time:
On the way, I stopped by the post office.
19
(all) by yourself

a) completely alone:
Dave spent Christmas all by himself.
b) without help from anyone:
You can't move the furniture all by yourself.
20
multiplying/dividing

used between two numbers when talking about multiplying or dividing:
What's 48 divided by 4?
21XX
emphasis

used when expressing strong feelings or making serious promises:
By God, I'll kill that boy when I see him!
22
father

if a woman has children by a particular man, that man is the children's father:
She's got two children by her previous husband.
23
by the by

spoken used when mentioning something that may be interesting but is not particularly important:
By the by, Ian said he might call round tonight.
➔ by the way

at way
WORD CHOICE: WORD CHOICE:

by, with, inby is used especially in passives, to say who or what does or causes something • She was hit by a truck. • a book written by Peter Carey Use with or in after verbs which describe a state rather than an action • The room was lit with candles. • Her house is always filled with music. • The books were covered in dust. Use with to say what tool you use to do something • I got the stain out with this brush (NOT by this brush).

[ابو بيشو]

if

1 used when talking about something that might happen or be true, or might have happened: We'll stay at home if it rains.
If you need money, I can lend you some.
If I didn't apologize I'd feel guilty.
If you had worked harder, you would have passed your exams.
What would happen to your family if you were to die in an accident?
If Dad were here, he would know what to do.
Taste the soup and add salt and pepper if necessary.
I want to get back by five o'clock if possible.
I think I can fix it tomorrow. If not, you'll have to wait till Friday.
Is the book available, and if so where?
The missiles can be fired only if the operator types in a six-digit code.
We'll face that problem if and when it comes along (=if it happens or when it happens).
If by any chance you can't manage dinner tonight, perhaps we can at least have a drink together.
➔ see usage note unless

2 used to mention a fact, situation, or event that someone asks about, or is not certain about: He stopped to ask me if I was all right.
I don't know if what I am saying makes any sense.
I doubt if anyone will remember me.
I'm not sure if this is the right road or not.


3 used to mention a type of event or situation when talking about what happens on occasions of that type: If I go to bed late I feel dreadful in the morning.
Plastic will melt if it gets too hot.


4 used when saying what someone's feelings are about a possible situation: You don't seem to care if I'm tired.
I'm sorry if I upset you.
It would be nice if we could spend more time together.


5 spoken used when making a polite request: I wonder if you could help me.
I'd be grateful if you would send me further details.
Would you mind if I open a window?
If you would just wait for a moment, I'll try to find your papers.


6 used when you are adding that something may be even more, less, better, worse etc than you have just said: Brian rarely, if ever, goes to bed before 3 am.
Their policies have changed little, if at all, since the last election.
Her needs are just as important as yours, if not more so.
The snow was now two feet deep, making it difficult, if not impossible, to get the car out.


7 even if

used to emphasize that, although something may happen or may be true, it will not change a situation: I wouldn't tell you even if I knew.
Even if she survives, she'll never fully recover.


8 if anything

used when adding a remark that changes what you have just said or makes it stronger: It's warm enough here in London. A little too warm, if anything.


9 spoken used during a conversation when you are trying to make a suggestion, change the subject, or interrupt someone else: If I might just make a suggestion, I think that the matter could be easily settled with a little practical demonstration.
If I could just take one example to illustrate this.


10 if I were you

spoken used when giving advice and telling someone what you think they should do: I wouldn't worry about it if I were you.


11 if only

a) used to express a strong wish, especially when you know that what you want cannot happen: If only he had talked to her sooner!
If only I weren't so tired!

b) used to give a reason for something, although you think it is not a good one: Media studies is regarded as a more exciting subject, if only because it's new.



12 used to say that although something may be true, it is not important: If he has a fault at all, it is that he is too generous.
Her only problem, if you can call it a problem, is that she expects to be successful all the time.


13 used when adding one criticism of a person or thing that you generally like: The eldest son was highly intelligent, if somewhat lazy.
Lunch was a grand if rather noisy affair.

➔ as if

at as2 (9) ➔ if ever there was one

at ever (15) ➔ what if...?

at what1 (18)GRAMMAR GRAMMAR

When you are using if to talk about something that might happen in the future, use the present simple tense, not will or shall • if I fail the test (NOT if I will fail the test). To refer to the present or the future after if when you are talking about something unlikely or untrue, use the past tense, not 'would' or 'should' • If someone gave me the money, I'd buy a car tomorrow (NOT If someone would give me the money...)!! In formal English or in writing, use were not was when the subject of the clause is I, he, she, it, there or a singular noun • If I were in that position, I'd get legal advice. • Imagine how you would feel if your child were killed. In normal conversation, you can also use was • If I was ten years younger, I'd go out with him.!! The expression if I were you is fixed. Do not say 'if I was you', even in normal conversation • If I were you, I'd have a talk with your parents. To refer to the past when you are talking about something that did not happen, use the past perfect tense • If he had married Laura, he would have been unhappy (NOT If he would have married Laura...).

[ابو بيشو]

al‧though 1

1 used to introduce a statement that makes your main statement seem surprising or unlikely [= though]: Although she was in poor health, she continued to carry out her duties.
We decided to take rooms in Longwood House, although we knew we could not really afford the rent.
Although I can't help admiring the man's courage, I do not approve of his methods.


2 used to add a statement that balances or reduces the effect of what you have just said [= but]: You can copy down my answers, although I'm not sure they're right.
No, this is my responsibility, although I appreciate your offer.

[ابو بيشو]

de‧spite

1 used to say that something happens or is true even though something else might have prevented it [= in spite of]: Despite all our efforts to save the school, the authorities decided to close it.
despite the fact (that) She went to Spain despite the fact that her doctor had told her to rest.



2 despite yourself

if you do something despite yourself, you do it although you did not intend to: Liz realized that, despite herself, she cared about Edward.

[ابو بيشو]

but1

1 used to connect two statements or phrases when the second one adds something different or seems surprising after the first one: It's an old car, but it's very reliable.
They rushed to the hospital, but they were too late.
We've invited the boss, but she may decide not to come.
an expensive but extremely useful book
'Has he got any experience?' 'No, but he's keen to learn.'


2 used to introduce a statement that explains why the thing you have mentioned did not happen or is not possible: I'd like to go but I'm too busy.
They would have married sooner, but they had to wait for her divorce.


3 used after a negative to emphasize that it is the second part of the sentence that is true: He lied to the court not just once, but on several occasions.
The purpose of the scheme is not to help the employers but to provide work for young people.


4 except: What can we do but sit and wait?
I had no choice but to accept the challenge.
Not a day goes by but I think of dear old Larry (=I think of him every day).


5 but for

a) used when you are saying that something would have happened if something or someone else had not prevented it: But for these interruptions, the meeting would have finished earlier.
The score could have been higher but for some excellent goalkeeping by Simon.
I might never have got to university but for you.

b) except for something or someone: All was silent but for the sound of the wind in the trees.



6 but then (again)

spoken a) used when you are adding a statement that says almost the opposite of what you have just said: John might be ready to help us, but then again, he might not.
You feel really sorry for him. But then again, it's hard to like him.

b) used when you are adding a statement that makes what you have just said seem less surprising: Dinah missed the last rehearsal, but then she always was unreliable, wasn't she?



7XX spoken used when you are replying to someone and expressing strong feelings such as anger, surprise etc: But that's marvellous news!
'They won't even discuss the problem.' 'But how stupid!'


8 somebody cannot but do something

formal used to say that someone has to do something or cannot stop themselves from doing it: I could not but admire her.


9 spoken used when disagreeing with someone: 'It was a good idea.' 'But it didn't work.'


10 spoken used to emphasize a word or statement: It'll be a great party - everyone, but everyone, is coming.
They're rich, but I mean rich.


11 spoken used to change the subject of a conversation: But now to the main question.
But tell me, are you really planning to retire?


12 spoken used after expressions such as 'excuse me' and 'I'm sorry': Excuse me, but I'm afraid this is a no-smoking area.

[نرجس 1]

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