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Unit 1
Professor Magdi Yacoub
Professor Magdi Yacoub is a world-famous heart surgeon. He was born in Egypt in Belbis in 1935, the son of a surgeon who worked in different places around the country. The family had to move every few years, so Yacoub learnt to adapt to different situations and enjoyed meeting different people.
When his aunt died because of a heart problem, Yacoub decided to become a heart surgeon. He studied medicine at Cairo University and qualified as a doctor in 1957. In the 1960s, he taught at Chicago University in the United States and worked with many of the world’s best heart surgeons.
Now Yacoub had the qualifications and experience to do great things. In 1973, he became a heart surgeon at Harefield Hospital in England. Under his leadership, Harefield became the most important transplant centre in the country.
In the early 1980s, he was part of the team which did the first British heart transplant operation. At this time, Yacoub travelled thousands of kilometres in small planes and helicopters to find healthy hearts for transplants.
Yacoub became Professor of Heart Surgery at London University in 1986. Although he retired as a surgeon in 2001, Yacoub continued to research new treatments. Recently he was part of a team which made new heart parts from human cells.
If you ask why he continues to work in his 70s, he will say that he believes he can make a difference to people’s lives. For this reason, he works for a charity in Africa which helps children with heart problems.


Unit 2
Gulliver’s voyage to Lilliput
After a storm at sea, Lemuel Gulliver, a ship’s doctor, is shipwrecked on the island of Lilliput. The people of Lilliput are only 15 centimetres tall so they think Gulliver is a giant sent by their enemies from the neighbouring island of Belfusco. They are frightened, so they capture him and tie him to the ground to stop him from escaping.
Gulliver tells the people his story and promised to help them in their fight against Belfusco. He soon becomes a favourite of the king. Gulliver then helps them to beat their enemies by stealing all their ships, but he does not agree with the idea of punishing the people of the island. This makes the king angry and he decides that Gulliver must die. Luckily, a friend helps Gulliver to escape to Belfusco and he sails home.
In the story of Gulliver in Lilliput, Jonathan Swift is making fun of European politics. The war between the islands represents the war between old enemies within Europe.
Swift also makes fun of the ridiculous things politicians argue about. He shows this by giving the people of Lilliput small minds as well as small bodies. In the story, they cannot agree about whether you should break a boiled egg at the big end or the small end.
On his second voyage, Gulliver sails to Brobdingnag, where the people are 18 metres tall. He has more exciting adventures. Only this time, Gulliver feels very small.


Unit 3
Today’s Money
People use computers for many different activities, from reading online newspapers to listening to music, but the fastest growing areas of computer use are online shopping and internet banking.
Until recently, shoppers had two choices: they could buy things from shops, or they could order them by post or phone from a catalogue. What has made internet shopping so popular is the increase in the number of broadband internet connections. To attract customers, many online shops and user-friendly websites which make buying things easier than traditional ways of shopping. With just a few clicks of the mouse, you can order almost anything you can find in ordinary shops. In some countries, people order their food online and have it delivered by supermarkets to their homes. In Britain, experts believe that in the next year, online shopping will increase.
As well as being easier for people with busy lives, internet shopping also helps people to look for things they cannot find in their own area and to find them at the cheapest prices. Interestingly, researchers have found that the largest increase in online shopping is among men.
People are also changing to internet banking. In the past, everyone used to go into their bank to put money into their accounts or to arrange to borrow money. Now, more and more people are doing all their banking activities online. Some people never visit a real bank – when they need cash, they get it from a cash machine.


Review A
Louis Pasteur, 1822–1895, Scientist
Louis Pasteur was a world-famous scientist, who was born in 1822 into an ordinary French family.
When he first went to school, he was a lazy student, but his life changed when a new and imaginative chemistry teacher arrived. From that time, he became very excited about the subject and he left school with good qualifications.
He studied in Paris and, in 1854, after doing research for a number of years; he became Professor of Chemistry at the University of Lille in northern France. Part of his work there was to help companies with their problems. For example, he showed a food company that they could kill germs in milk by boiling it and cooling it again. This made the milk safe to drink.
After this, he showed that people could catch diseases from other people who were carrying germs. He also gave people an explanation as to how germs can infect people. He described the three different ways: through the air, through our skin and in the food we eat. Later, he discovered ways of preventing diseases from passing from person to person.
In 1888, he started a special school for the study of diseases. The school took its name from his surname: it was called the Pasteur Institute. Pasteur died in 1895 at the age of 72. Thanks to his discoveries, more people live healthy lives and fewer people die from common diseases.


Unit 4
Cooperation
A friend who is playing in an important football match this afternoon asks for advice. What will you say? “I think you should try to score lots of goals”? This is helpful, but perhaps the best advice is “Don’t forget you’re part of a team. Pass the ball to other players.”
There are many situations where groups of people need to cooperate to succeed, for example, surgeons, who work with a team of doctors and nurses to help patients; or scientists who have to work in large, complex teams to send people into space.
Animals also cooperate. For example, lions hunt their prey in packs, and elephants live in family groups to bring up their young and protect ill members. In a recent experiment, scientists showed that even birds can cooperate on complex ‘jobs’. Two birds were put into a cage with a box of food outside. The birds could see the food, but they had to pull pieces of string attached to the box to get the food into their cage. If only one bird pulled a string, the box did not move. However, if both birds pulled the strings at the same time, they moved the box and got the food.
To be a successful team member, you may need cooperate with people who are very different from you and who you may not like. To succeed, you will have to show tolerance and work with these people. Imagine what would happen if a nurse refused to help a doctor.


Unit 5
Lord of the flies
Lord of the Flies starts when a plane carrying a group of British boys crashes near an island. The boys realise they must look after themselves on the island until they are rescued. The boys choose a leader and start to organise their new life. The leader, Ralph, tells them they must work together. They make a fire which may be seen by a passing ship.
At first, the boys cooperate with each other and everything goes well. Some look for food and water, others build shelters to sleep in. But then there are problems. First, the fire goes out. Then Jack, who wanted to be the leader, tells the boys there is a frightening wild animal on the island. After some disagreements, the boys split into two groups. Jack’s group believe the wild animal is around and want to go hunting. Ralph’s group just want to escape from the island. More boys join Jack’s group because he promises to protect them from the wild animal and give them meat.
Jack’s boys paint their faces and become very violent. They think one of the other boys is the frightening animal and they attack him. Then they attack Ralph’s camp and steal the glasses of a boy called Poggy. They wanted to use the glasses to make a fire. Ralph’s group try to get the glasses back but Poggy is hurt. Jack captures two others and Ralph is left alone. Jack then sets fire to the island to try to stop Ralph from escaping. A passing ship sees the fire and comes to rescue the boys. Finally, with the arrival of adults on the island, the fighting stops.


Unit 6
Why do they do it?
A question which people often ask mountaineers is “Why do you climb mountains?” The most common answer is “Because they are there.” But this does not tell us the real reasons why people choose this exciting hobby.
Professional mountaineers climb for money, but for many others, climbing a great mountain is a lifelong ambition. For example, Omar Samra, the Egyptian who reached the summit of Everest in 2007, says that he had dreamed of climbing mountains since he was a toddler. He even had photos of Everest on his bedroom walls. But Omar does not just climb for himself. He always takes an Egyptian flag with him and leaves it on the mountains.
Some mountaineers say that their hobby is no different from other hobbies, but most people do not understand this because the hobby is so dangerous. Between 1922 and 2006, Everest was climbed by about 3,000 people, but more than 200 of these climbers lost their lives. So perhaps we should ask a slightly different question: “Why do people climb dangerous mountains?” Many mountaineers say the answer is simple: most people want to conquer something during their life. A dangerous mountain is a challenge; when someone has climbed it, they have reached their goal and they feel fantastic.
The Italian climber Reinhold Messner was the first mountaineer in the world to climb the 14 mountains which are over 8,000 metres high. What is even more amazing is that he was the first man to reach the summit of Everest without the use of oxygen cylinders!


Review B
A simple mistake
Nadia was an intelligent student and wanted to study English literature at university it was nearly the end of her final year at school and Nadia was starting her last piece of homework. She had missed the last English lesson because she had been ill, so she phoned her friend Azza and asked what homework they had been given .Azza said that the teacher wanted them to write an article. The title which Nadia heard her friend say was: the best things in life are three.
Nadia thought about the strange title and did not know what to write. She thought about her parents. There were only two of them. But she had for brothers and sisters. She thought about all the things that made her happy in her life. “to be honest,” she said to herself,” there are too many to count”
During her next English lesson, Nadia‘s teacher asked her to read her article to the class. Nadia stood up and began.”I’m going to talk about the best things in life e are NOT three,” she said. At first, the other students said nothing, then they started to laugh. It was a difficult situation. After a few seconds, her teacher said,’Nadia, the title of the article was ‘the best things in life are free, not three.’
Unit 7
We’re living in a global economy
People describe today’s world as a global economy. This means that a company in one country sells what it produces to other countries around the world. Of course countries have been trading in this way for thousands of years. What is different now is that computer technology has completely changed the ways in which companies produce and distribute their goods and communicate with each other and their customers. Websites and e-mail have made it possible for companies of all sizes to sell their goods cheaply and quickly all over the world.
But the global economy is more than this. It also means that companies do not need to stay in one country. Large international corporations, like Japanese car ompanies, can set up in almost any location, employ local workers to produce goods there and trade with other countries in the same region.
It also means that people can buy goods from countries where wages are lower. For example, many things that are sold in Europe and Africa are now made in China. Because these goods can be made more cheaply in China, more people can afford them.
The advantage of this economic system is the increase in international trade that it brings. This means that more people can buy more goods, which in turn means that more people all over the world have jobs.
This is sometimes called a win-win situation, because everyone wins!




Unit 8
The necklace
Loisel works as a government clerk and does not earn much money. His wife Mathilde is very beautiful, but she cannot afford the kind of life she would like.
One day, Loisel receives an invitation to a ball. At first, Mathilde refuses to go because she does not have a good enough dress to wear. Loisel knows how much his wife wants to go to the ball, so he gives her some of his savings to buy a new dress. He suggests that she borrow valuable jewellery from a rich friend, Jeanne Forestier. Mathilde goes to see her friend and borrows a beautiful diamond necklace.
Everyone at the ball admires Mathilde and she has a wonderful evening. When the couple arrive home, however, they no longer have the diamond necklace!
Mathilde is too ashamed to tell Jeanne, so they decide to buy an identical diamond necklace as a replacement. The cost – 36,000 francs – is more than they can afford. They have to borrow 18,000 francs, leaving themselves with heavy debts. For the next ten years, Loisel and his wife spend all their time working to earn enough money to pay their debts.
After ten years of hard manual work, Mathilde looks old and exhausted. Although she has lost her beauty, she feels proud that she has paid all her debts. When she meets her friend Jeanne Forestier, she tells her the story of the lost necklace. Jeanne is shocked and tells Mathilde that the necklace she wore to the ball was really made of glass. It cost only 500 francs.


Unit 9
The Olympic Games
The Olympic Games, an international sports festival which takes place every four years, are particularly famous for athletics. But they also include individual sports, like swimming, and team sports, like football and hockey. For sportsmen and sportswomen everywhere, taking part in the Games is usually the highlight of their careers.
At first, the Olympic Games were part of a religious festival in ancient Greece. The only sport at that time was a running race. Later, longer races were added, together with boxing. The Romans conquered Greece during the second century BC and, soon after, the Games lost their religious meaning. Athletes were only interested in money, so, in 349, the Games were stopped.
Fifteen hundred years later, archaeologists discovered the ancient Olympic stadium, which had been destroyed in an earthquake. This discovery gave people an idea. They thought that individual athletes would benefit if the Olympic Games started again. They also believed that the Games would help the world to be a more peaceful place. So, in 1896, the first modern Games took place in Greece. Again, the Olympics were only for amateurs; no one was paid to take part.
Although competitors are still not paid to take part, some countries now train and pay future professional Olympic athletes, so they are not really amateurs. Some say this is not fair.
Since the modern Olympics began over a hundred years ago, athletes have been getting faster and stronger and, at every Games, world records have been broken. This is good not only for individual athletes, but also for ordinary people. Watching Olympic athletes makes some people want to try new sports themselves.


Rview C
How trade began
For thousands of years, people produced most of what they needed themselves. They grew crops and hunted for food. However, they learned that they could have more goods if they traded with other countries. Groups of traders from Babylon travelled thousands of kilometers on camels in caravans. But because they had to carry food for themselves and their animals, there was little space for goods. For his reason, these traders carried small, valuable things like gold and diamonds.
During Roman times, trade became very important. The Romans traded with China and brought silk to Europe. Roman ships also brought tin from Britain, wheat from Africa and jewellery from the East. After the Romans, there was less trade, but in the twelfth century, it increased again. The Italian cities of Venice and Genoa became the world’s most important trade centres. From Venice, traders travelled to China, bringing back spices and silk. In the fourteenth century, Arab traders visited India and China.
In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, global trade increased. Great traders from Spain and Portugal opened many new sea routes. Later, European companies potatoes and tobacco to Europe and jewellery. In today’s global economy, it is easy to carry goods quickly and cheaply by air, road and railway. For more than a hundred years, world trade has been increasing and, as the world becomes a smaller place, trade between countries will continue to increase.


Unit 10
Should scientists modify our food?
Thousands of years ago, most people were hunters whose food came from the animals and fish they had killed and from nuts, roots and fruit they had collected. Later, these hunters lived in one place and became farmers whose method of getting food was to grow crops from the seeds of wild plants. Over time, they noticed that some plants were better than others. They saved the seeds from these plants and so the yields and quality of their crops improved.
Like plants, all other living things contain genes which control what they will be like. Modern scientists can put genes into plants and animals in their laboratories, and this means they can modify their genes in order to change what they are like. This is called genetic engineering.
A type of tomato is an example of this. When normal tomatoes ripen, one of their genes produces a chemical that makes the fruit rot. Scientists can modify this gene so that the tomatoes do not rot so quickly. This is one way in which genetically modified (GM) crops can improve agriculture. Scientists know that this technology can also protect people from starvation in countries where insects or diseases destroy crops. For example, fruit and vegetables have been modified so that they are not damaged by the diseases that kill ‘normal’ plants.
However, many people believe that modified food is unnatural and fear that genetic engineering may bring new diseases in the future. So should we eat genetically modified food or not? Surprisingly, biscuits, cakes and many other foods that we have been eating for years already contain genetically modified ingredients. Have they done us any damage?













Unit 11
Moby Dick
Ishmael, the novel’s storyteller, went to sea on a whaling ship called the Perquod. The ship’s captain, Ahab, had lost a leg when his ship was attacked by a great white whale called Moby Dick on his last voyage. Ahab told his men that the purpose of their voyage was to hunt and kill Moby Dick and he offered a gold coin to the first sailor who saw him.
The Perquod sailed round the continent of Africa into the Indian Ocean. Whenever they met other ships which had been whaling in the area, Ahab asked their captains if they had seen Moby Dick. A sailor from one of these ships predicted that anyone who tried to kill Moby Dick would die. After this, there were many accidents on the Perquod, but nothing stopped Ahab. He was determined to kill the whale which he thought of as his enemy.
Suddenly, a storm hit the Perquod and one of the sailors fell to his death from the ship. Soon after this, they saw Moby Dick and Ahab sent out men armed with harpoons in a small boat, but the whale destroyed the boat. The next day, more boats were sent out and, although a harpoon hit the whale, Moby Dick was strong enough to attack the Perquod. On the third day, boats were sent out again and this time the whale rammed and sank the ship. Captain Ahab was pulled out on a harpoon rope and died attached to the whale. The boat sank and all the crew drowned except Ishmael, who held onto some floating wood. He was rescued by another whaling ship and lived to tell the story.


Unit 12
Building for people
The main purpose of buildings has always been to protect people from bad weather. In countries with hot and cold seasons, insulated buildings keep out heat and cold. In hot, dry areas, buildings with thick walls or those with small windows keep out the heat. In places where there is a lot of rain or snow, buildings have sloping roofs, whereas in Egypt, where there is little rain, most houses have flat roofs.
Geography is also important in building design. Many houses in Japan, for example, are made of wood because Japan has a lot of earthquakes, and buildings made of bricks and concrete can be dangerous if they fall down.
Many modern buildings are made of metal, concrete and glass, but some are still made from mud bricks. These houses are particularly suitable for hot climates because they do not conduct heat well, so the inside stays cool. They are also easy and cheap to construct.
Today, technology also affects how buildings are designed. Modern houses can be very high-tech. Some buildings can be controlled from a mobile phone. So if the owners are out, they can lock or unlock their doors, turn their lights on and off and even cook their meals without being there themselves.
The world-famous Egyptian architect Hassan Fathy realised the value of traditional ways of building. He found that one of the oldest buildings in Ancient Egypt, near Luxor, had been built in the same way as people build houses in Upper Egypt today.














Review D
The Chinese invented ice cream in the fourth century BC, using only two ingredients: snow and fruit juice. Centuries later, the Italian explorer Marco Polo brought it back to Europe, where it was immediately popular. However, it was not until the 19th century that it was produced in large quantities by the American Jacob Fussell.
In the summer of 1922, Thomas Wall, who had been the owner of a food company for many years, decided that his factory in London would start to make ice cream. The public loved it and soon the factory was making 700 litres of ice cream a week. Thomas Wall had not been expecting his ice cream to be so popular. At first, the ice cream was sold only in shops, but then Thomas Wall had another good idea. He bought a lot of special bicycles and put boxes of ice cream on the front with an advertisement which said “Stop Me and Buy One”. Wall’s workers rode from street to street around London selling ice cream. By the late 1930s, there were 8,500 bicycles selling ice cream around Britain.
Ice cream is not only eaten where the weather is hot. People in cold countries love it, too. In 2002, people in northern Europe ate 14 litres each. It is surprising that the Italians, who are famous for their delicious ice cream, ate only nine litres each. However the people of New Zealand ate the most: 22 litres each, and the Chinese, who invented ice cream, ate only two litres!


Unit 13
Mobile phone saves a man’s life
The fast train from Cairo was half an hour away from Alexandria. The passengers were chatting, sleeping, reading or listening to music when they heard this announcement: “We regret to inform you that one of our passengers is very ill. If there is a doctor on the train, please could he or she come to the front?”
Unfortunately, there was not a doctor on the train, but one of the passengers left her seat and went to the front, where the ill passenger was. She told the train’s conductor, “My brother’s a doctor in a hospital in Alexandria. I could phone him on my mobile and ask him to ar range for an ambulance to meet the train when it arrives.” “Thank you,” said the conductor. “That’s a very good idea.” The woman phoned her brother at the hospital and told him what had happened. When the train arrived in Alexandria, the doctor was waiting with the ambulance and two paramedics. The ill passenger was taken to hospital, where he had to have an operation. A week later, he was better and left the hospital. The first thing he did when he got home was to contact the woman who had phoned for the ambulance. “I want to thank you for saving my life,” he said. “Without your call, I might have died.” “I was happy to help,” said the woman. “My mobile phone has never been so useful!”
Unit 14
King Solomon’s Mines
An Englishman, Sir Henry Curtis, is in Africa looking for his brother who has gone missing while searching for King Solomon’s Mines. Alan Quatermain, an adventurer and hunter who has a map of the mines, agrees to help Sir Henry look for his brother. A oung African, Umbopa, travels with them as their servant.
Walking across a desert, the group almost die of thirst, but eventually reach mountains. They cross the mountains into Kukuanaland, a country in a hidden valley. Soldiers from the country’s army capture Sir Henry’s group and are going to kill them, but suddenly become afraid when one of the Englishmen behaves strangely. Soon the Kukuanas believe that the men have strange and powerful forces.
The Englishmen are taken to King Twala, a cruel, violent man who kills anyone who opposes him. To become king, he killed his brother and sent his brother’s wife and son Ignosi into the desert to die.
The servant Umbopa now tells the Englishmen that he is really Ignosi. Then, with his own soldiers and his English friends, he attacks the king’s army. In the battle that follows, Twala is killed. Then, one of the old king’s advisers, Gagool, takes the groups to king Solomon Mines, where they found rooms full of gold and diamonds. While they are looking at the treasure, Gagool escapes and traps the Englishmen in the mine without food or water. Fortunately, after a few days, they manage to get out of the mine, taking enough diamonds to make them rich.
The Englishmen say goodbye to the new King Ignosi and start their journey home. On their way, they stop at the oasis, where they find Sir Henery’s brother.


Unit 15
Off the beaten track
Most travellers to Egypt visit the famous sites in Cairo and Upper Egypt, but the country has many other interesting historical places. Here are three of them.
Sinai
A traveller once described Sinai as “thirty thousand square kilometres of nothing.” In fact, Sinai has some of the most beautiful landscape in Egypt. It is also home to wildlife such as the fox and the wolf, just as it was 3,000 years ago. The monastery of St Catherine is located in the centre of Sinai. Built in the sixth century when the Romans were in Egypt, this is the oldest Christian monastery in the world. Its huge walls, which are 12–60 metres high, were built to protect its treasures.
El-Minya
The area around El-Minya contains tombs, temples and monasteries. One of the most famous sites in this area is Tel El-Amarna, which is 50kilometres south of El-Minya on the east bank of the Nile. The Pharaoh Akhnaton built temples and palaces here because he wanted it to be the capital of Egypt. Today the temples and palaces have gone, but the tombs that were cut into the hills remain.
Fayoum Oasis
Fayoum Oasis is a very fertile agricultural area which is famous for its waterwheels. These were built in the third century BC and were designed to lift water from the river to the level of the fields where it was used for irrigation. There is a group of seven waterwheels to the north of the city.


Review E
She
Horace Holly, a Cambridge University professor, agrees to help a younger man, Leo Vincey, find out more about Vincey’s ancestors. They discover some instructions written on an ancient pot which was left to Vincey when his father died. The instructions lead them to a remote part of the east coast of Africa.
After a long journey, they meet Ayesha, a beautiful and powerful woman who is loved by her people. But her people also fear her because they know she will punish anyone who she dislikes or who disagrees with her.
Holly and Vincey discover something very strange about Ayesha: many years earlier, she walked through a special fire which stopped her from growing old. More than 2,000 years before, she became furious with her husband, Kallikrates, who then disappeared. She is now waiting for him to return.
As soon as she sees Leo Vincey, she believes he is Kallikrates who has come back to her. She tries to make Leo Vincey waklk through the special fire so that he, too, will never grow old. When Vincey does not believe the story, Ayesha walks through the fire for a second time to show him what will happen. Suddenly, Ayesha changes and becomes her true age – over 2,000 years old.



















Unit 16
Tourism today
People have visited Egypt ever since Greek and Roman times, but modern tourism began when an Englishman, Thomas Cook, arranged the first package tour in 1841. Package tours are holidays arranged by a travel company which include travel, accommodation and sometimes meals for a fixed price.
Mass tourism as we know it today first became popular in the 1960s, when air travel became cheaper, and today tourism is a huge business. Millions of holidaymakers are carried by air to destinations all over the world. Countries on the Mediterranean coast alone attract 100 million tourists every summer!
Countries make a lot of money out of tourism, but there are also disadvantages. For example, every minute of every day, about one hundred Europeans visit Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. Their feet wear away the stone floors. The houses waiting for the tourists produce pollution that damages the outside of the building.
During the tourist season, many of the world’s great cities are very difficult to live in. try ordinary food shopping in Prague or Florence in the middle of summer! Tourists with cameras block your way. Shopping is impossible!
For Egypt, tourism is the second most important earner of foreign currency after oil. The tourist industry employs thousands of people such as travel agents, hotel staff and building workers. Egyptian travel agents think that by the year 2017, sixteen million tourists will visit Egypt each year, compared to the nine million who visited in 2006. If this happens, new hotels and roads will have to be built and new parks and resorts will need to be planned.


Unit 17
Jurassic Park
The story begins with reports of attacks by strange animals on Isla Nublar, an island in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Costa Rica. Alan Grant, a paleontologist (a scientist who studies prehistoric forms of life), and a student, Ellie Sattler, are taken to the island by its owner, the billionaire John Hammond, to visit a special park which he has set up there.
When they arrive, they find that the park is inhabited by dinosaurs which have been produced by genetic engineering. The animals are kept safely behind electric fences and cannot escape. But then one of the scientists who works at the park turns off all the alarms so that he can steal some dinosaur eggs to sell to another organisation. While the electricity is off some of the dinosaurs escape and start attacking and killing humans. Alan Grant and a group of children he is looking after are lost on the island and are in great danger.
Scientists and engineers try to make the park safe again, but it is too late. Some of the most dangerous dinosaurs have escaped and are on a boat that is sailing towards the mainland of Costa Rica.
To avoid more damage, the park is destroyed by planes from Costa Rica. Then some of the survivors, including Alan Grant, are put in prison for putting people’s lives in danger. Later, it is reported that a pack of unknown animals is eating crops and attacking animals in Costa Rica.
This is the end of Jurassic Park, but the story continues in Michael Crichton’s next novel, The Lost World.
Unit 18
How hot the earth can get?
Most people now accept the fact that the world’s climate is changing. But why is this happening and what can we do about it?
Scientists believe that there are a number of natural reasons for climate change. One could be changes in how much heat we get from the sun. Another could be volcanoes. When a volcano erupts, it sends dust into the atmosphere. This stops some of the sun’s light and can make our climate cooler.
We have also been adding gases like carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. These greenhouse gases stop heat escaping, which increases the earth’s temperature. This is called the greenhouse effect. The carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is increasing mainly because we burn fuels such as oil and gas. The fact that we continue to destroy the rainforests (which take in carbon dioxide and produce oxygen) makes matters worse. If the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere continues to increase, scientists believe that by 2050, the temperature of the earth’s surface could go up by 2°C.
How will global warming affect the world? It is now known that the ice at the Arctic and the Antarctic is melting. If this continues, sea levels will rise and some parts of the world will be flooded, making many people homeless.
So what can be done? Countries must stop destroying the rainforests and produce less carbon dioxide. And, as individuals, we must all reduce the carbon dioxide we produce. This can be done by people using cars only when they have to or by turning down air conditioning in the summer.


Review F
For many years, scientists have been trying to discover genetic information about the dinosaurs which lived on the earth millions of years ago. They believe that by using genetic engineering, they may be able to produce new dinosaurs.
One group of scientists were confident that this would be a possibility after a 68-million-year-old dinosaur skeleton was discovered. As it was being lifted from the ground, one of the bones broke and they found something soft inside that was not stone. This was a remarkable discovery for scientists, who had believed that every part of a dinosaur’s body would have turned to stone after such a long time.
Although this discovery meant that dinosaurs could be produced, as in Jurassic Park, scientists realised that the work would take too long to decide to look for other ways to bring back dinosaurs.
Their next idea was to look at birds. Paleontologists know that birds belong to the same genetic family as dinosaurs, so studying birds’ genes may be the best way to produce these ancient giants. A discovery in China showed that some dinosaurs had feathers like birds. More surprisingly, it has been discovered that in the egg, some baby birds have very small teeth and tails like dinosaurs.
Although scientists now believe that it is possible to wake the sleeping genes in birds and produce new dinosaurs, many people oppose the idea. They believe that dinosaurs, many people oppose the idea. They believe that dinosaurs should remain the subject of films and books on

طول عمرك ابو الجود

طول عمرك ابو الجود
الله يكرمك يااستاذنا الفاضل

Good work from good man

اتفضل كل القطع اى خدمة
unit 1
professor magdi yacoub
professor magdi yacoub is a world-famous heart surgeon. He was born in egypt in belbis in 1935, the son of a surgeon who worked in different places around the country. The family had to move every few years, so yacoub learnt to adapt to different situations and enjoyed meeting different people.
when his aunt died because of a heart problem, yacoub decided to become a heart surgeon. He studied medicine at cairo university and qualified as a doctor in 1957. In the 1960s, he taught at chicago university in the united states and worked with many of the world’s best heart surgeons.
now yacoub had the qualifications and experience to do great things. In 1973, he became a heart surgeon at harefield hospital in england. Under his leadership, harefield became the most important transplant centre in the country.
in the early 1980s, he was part of the team which did the first british heart transplant operation. At this time, yacoub travelled thousands of kilometres in small planes and helicopters to find healthy hearts for transplants.
yacoub became professor of heart surgery at london university in 1986. Although he retired as a surgeon in 2001, yacoub continued to research new treatments. Recently he was part of a team which made new heart parts from human cells.
if you ask why he continues to work in his 70s, he will say that he believes he can make a difference to people’s lives. For this reason, he works for a charity in africa which helps children with heart problems.


unit 2
gulliver’s voyage to lilliput
after a storm at sea, lemuel gulliver, a ship’s doctor, is shipwrecked on the island of lilliput. The people of lilliput are only 15 centimetres tall so they think gulliver is a giant sent by their enemies from the neighbouring island of belfusco. They are frightened, so they capture him and tie him to the ground to stop him from escaping.
gulliver tells the people his story and promised to help them in their fight against belfusco. He soon becomes a favourite of the king. Gulliver then helps them to beat their enemies by stealing all their ships, but he does not agree with the idea of punishing the people of the island. This makes the king angry and he decides that gulliver must die. Luckily, a friend helps gulliver to escape to belfusco and he sails home.
in the story of gulliver in lilliput, jonathan swift is making fun of european politics. The war between the islands represents the war between old enemies within europe.
swift also makes fun of the ridiculous things politicians argue about. He shows this by giving the people of lilliput small minds as well as small bodies. In the story, they cannot agree about whether you should break a boiled egg at the big end or the small end.
on his second voyage, gulliver sails to brobdingnag, where the people are 18 metres tall. He has more exciting adventures. Only this time, gulliver feels very small.


unit 3
today’s money
people use computers for many different activities, from reading online newspapers to listening to music, but the fastest growing areas of computer use are online shopping and internet banking.
until recently, shoppers had two choices: They could buy things from shops, or they could order them by post or phone from a catalogue. What has made internet shopping so popular is the increase in the number of broadband internet connections. To attract customers, many online shops and user-friendly websites which make buying things easier than traditional ways of shopping. With just a few clicks of the mouse, you can order almost anything you can find in ordinary shops. In some countries, people order their food online and have it delivered by supermarkets to their homes. In britain, experts believe that in the next year, online shopping will increase.
as well as being easier for people with busy lives, internet shopping also helps people to look for things they cannot find in their own area and to find them at the cheapest prices. Interestingly, researchers have found that the largest increase in online shopping is among men.
people are also changing to internet banking. In the past, everyone used to go into their bank to put money into their accounts or to arrange to borrow money. Now, more and more people are doing all their banking activities online. Some people never visit a real bank – when they need cash, they get it from a cash machine.


review a
louis pasteur, 1822–1895, scientist
louis pasteur was a world-famous scientist, who was born in 1822 into an ordinary french family.
when he first went to school, he was a lazy student, but his life changed when a new and imaginative chemistry teacher arrived. From that time, he became very excited about the subject and he left school with good qualifications.
he studied in paris and, in 1854, after doing research for a number of years; he became professor of chemistry at the university of lille in northern france. Part of his work there was to help companies with their problems. For example, he showed a food company that they could kill germs in milk by boiling it and cooling it again. This made the milk safe to drink.
after this, he showed that people could catch diseases from other people who were carrying germs. He also gave people an explanation as to how germs can infect people. He described the three different ways: Through the air, through our skin and in the food we eat. Later, he discovered ways of preventing diseases from passing from person to person.
in 1888, he started a special school for the study of diseases. The school took its name from his surname: It was called the pasteur institute. Pasteur died in 1895 at the age of 72. Thanks to his discoveries, more people live healthy lives and fewer people die from common diseases.


unit 4
cooperation
a friend who is playing in an important football match this afternoon asks for advice. What will you say? “i think you should try to score lots of goals”? This is helpful, but perhaps the best advice is “don’t forget you’re part of a team. Pass the ball to other players.”
there are many situations where groups of people need to cooperate to succeed, for example, surgeons, who work with a team of doctors and nurses to help patients; or scientists who have to work in large, complex teams to send people into space.
animals also cooperate. For example, lions hunt their prey in packs, and elephants live in family groups to bring up their young and protect ill members. In a recent experiment, scientists showed that even birds can cooperate on complex ‘jobs’. Two birds were put into a cage with a box of food outside. The birds could see the food, but they had to pull pieces of string attached to the box to get the food into their cage. If only one bird pulled a string, the box did not move. However, if both birds pulled the strings at the same time, they moved the box and got the food.
to be a successful team member, you may need cooperate with people who are very different from you and who you may not like. To succeed, you will have to show tolerance and work with these people. Imagine what would happen if a nurse refused to help a doctor.


unit 5
lord of the flies
lord of the flies starts when a plane carrying a group of british boys crashes near an island. The boys realise they must look after themselves on the island until they are rescued. The boys choose a leader and start to organise their new life. The leader, ralph, tells them they must work together. They make a fire which may be seen by a passing ship.
at first, the boys cooperate with each other and everything goes well. Some look for food and water, others build shelters to sleep in. But then there are problems. First, the fire goes out. Then jack, who wanted to be the leader, tells the boys there is a frightening wild animal on the island. After some disagreements, the boys split into two groups. Jack’s group believe the wild animal is around and want to go hunting. Ralph’s group just want to escape from the island. More boys join jack’s group because he promises to protect them from the wild animal and give them meat.
jack’s boys paint their faces and become very violent. They think one of the other boys is the frightening animal and they attack him. Then they attack ralph’s camp and steal the glasses of a boy called poggy. They wanted to use the glasses to make a fire. Ralph’s group try to get the glasses back but poggy is hurt. Jack captures two others and ralph is left alone. Jack then sets fire to the island to try to stop ralph from escaping. A passing ship sees the fire and comes to rescue the boys. Finally, with the arrival of adults on the island, the fighting stops.


unit 6
why do they do it?
a question which people often ask mountaineers is “why do you climb mountains?” the most common answer is “because they are there.” but this does not tell us the real reasons why people choose this exciting hobby.
professional mountaineers climb for money, but for many others, climbing a great mountain is a lifelong ambition. For example, omar samra, the egyptian who reached the summit of everest in 2007, says that he had dreamed of climbing mountains since he was a toddler. He even had photos of everest on his bedroom walls. But omar does not just climb for himself. He always takes an egyptian flag with him and leaves it on the mountains.
some mountaineers say that their hobby is no different from other hobbies, but most people do not understand this because the hobby is so dangerous. Between 1922 and 2006, everest was climbed by about 3,000 people, but more than 200 of these climbers lost their lives. So perhaps we should ask a slightly different question: “why do people climb dangerous mountains?” many mountaineers say the answer is simple: Most people want to conquer something during their life. A dangerous mountain is a challenge; when someone has climbed it, they have reached their goal and they feel fantastic.
the italian climber reinhold messner was the first mountaineer in the world to climb the 14 mountains which are over 8,000 metres high. What is even more amazing is that he was the first man to reach the summit of everest without the use of oxygen cylinders!


review b
a simple mistake
nadia was an intelligent student and wanted to study english literature at university it was nearly the end of her final year at school and nadia was starting her last piece of homework. She had missed the last english lesson because she had been ill, so she phoned her friend azza and asked what homework they had been given .azza said that the teacher wanted them to write an article. The title which nadia heard her friend say was: the best things in life are three.
nadia thought about the strange title and did not know what to write. She thought about her parents. There were only two of them. But she had for brothers and sisters. She thought about all the things that made her happy in her life. “to be honest,” she said to herself,” there are too many to count”
during her next english lesson, nadia‘s teacher asked her to read her article to the class. Nadia stood up and began.”i’m going to talk about the best things in life e are not three,” she said. At first, the other students said nothing, then they started to laugh. It was a difficult situation. After a few seconds, her teacher said,’nadia, the title of the article was ‘the best things in life are free, not three.’
unit 7
we’re living in a global economy
people describe today’s world as a global economy. This means that a company in one country sells what it produces to other countries around the world. Of course countries have been trading in this way for thousands of years. What is different now is that computer technology has completely changed the ways in which companies produce and distribute their goods and communicate with each other and their customers. Websites and e-mail have made it possible for companies of all sizes to sell their goods cheaply and quickly all over the world.
but the global economy is more than this. It also means that companies do not need to stay in one country. Large international corporations, like japanese car ompanies, can set up in almost any location, employ local workers to produce goods there and trade with other countries in the same region.
it also means that people can buy goods from countries where wages are lower. For example, many things that are sold in europe and africa are now made in china. Because these goods can be made more cheaply in china, more people can afford them.
the advantage of this economic system is the increase in international trade that it brings. This means that more people can buy more goods, which in turn means that more people all over the world have jobs.
this is sometimes called a win-win situation, because everyone wins!




unit 8
the necklace
loisel works as a government clerk and does not earn much money. His wife mathilde is very beautiful, but she cannot afford the kind of life she would like.
one day, loisel receives an invitation to a ball. At first, mathilde refuses to go because she does not have a good enough dress to wear. Loisel knows how much his wife wants to go to the ball, so he gives her some of his savings to buy a new dress. He suggests that she borrow valuable jewellery from a rich friend, jeanne forestier. Mathilde goes to see her friend and borrows a beautiful diamond necklace.
everyone at the ball admires mathilde and she has a wonderful evening. When the couple arrive home, however, they no longer have the diamond necklace!
mathilde is too ashamed to tell jeanne, so they decide to buy an identical diamond necklace as a replacement. The cost – 36,000 francs – is more than they can afford. They have to borrow 18,000 francs, leaving themselves with heavy debts. For the next ten years, loisel and his wife spend all their time working to earn enough money to pay their debts.
after ten years of hard manual work, mathilde looks old and exhausted. Although she has lost her beauty, she feels proud that she has paid all her debts. When she meets her friend jeanne forestier, she tells her the story of the lost necklace. Jeanne is shocked and tells mathilde that the necklace she wore to the ball was really made of glass. It cost only 500 francs.


unit 9
the olympic games
the olympic games, an international sports festival which takes place every four years, are particularly famous for athletics. But they also include individual sports, like swimming, and team sports, like football and hockey. For sportsmen and sportswomen everywhere, taking part in the games is usually the highlight of their careers.
at first, the olympic games were part of a religious festival in ancient greece. The only sport at that time was a running race. Later, longer races were added, together with boxing. The romans conquered greece during the second century bc and, soon after, the games lost their religious meaning. Athletes were only interested in money, so, in 349, the games were stopped.
fifteen hundred years later, archaeologists discovered the ancient olympic stadium, which had been destroyed in an earthquake. This discovery gave people an idea. They thought that individual athletes would benefit if the olympic games started again. They also believed that the games would help the world to be a more peaceful place. So, in 1896, the first modern games took place in greece. Again, the olympics were only for amateurs; no one was paid to take part.
although competitors are still not paid to take part, some countries now train and pay future professional olympic athletes, so they are not really amateurs. Some say this is not fair.
since the modern olympics began over a hundred years ago, athletes have been getting faster and stronger and, at every games, world records have been broken. This is good not only for individual athletes, but also for ordinary people. Watching olympic athletes makes some people want to try new sports themselves.


rview c
how trade began
for thousands of years, people produced most of what they needed themselves. They grew crops and hunted for food. However, they learned that they could have more goods if they traded with other countries. Groups of traders from babylon travelled thousands of kilometers on camels in caravans. But because they had to carry food for themselves and their animals, there was little space for goods. For his reason, these traders carried small, valuable things like gold and diamonds.
during roman times, trade became very important. The romans traded with china and brought silk to europe. Roman ships also brought tin from britain, wheat from africa and jewellery from the east. After the romans, there was less trade, but in the twelfth century, it increased again. The italian cities of venice and genoa became the world’s most important trade centres. From venice, traders travelled to china, bringing back spices and silk. In the fourteenth century, arab traders visited india and china.
in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, global trade increased. Great traders from spain and portugal opened many new sea routes. Later, european companies potatoes and tobacco to europe and jewellery. In today’s global economy, it is easy to carry goods quickly and cheaply by air, road and railway. For more than a hundred years, world trade has been increasing and, as the world becomes a smaller place, trade between countries will continue to increase.


unit 10
should scientists modify our food?
thousands of years ago, most people were hunters whose food came from the animals and fish they had killed and from nuts, roots and fruit they had collected. Later, these hunters lived in one place and became farmers whose method of getting food was to grow crops from the seeds of wild plants. Over time, they noticed that some plants were better than others. They saved the seeds from these plants and so the yields and quality of their crops improved.
like plants, all other living things contain genes which control what they will be like. Modern scientists can put genes into plants and animals in their laboratories, and this means they can modify their genes in order to change what they are like. This is called genetic engineering.
a type of tomato is an example of this. When normal tomatoes ripen, one of their genes produces a chemical that makes the fruit rot. Scientists can modify this gene so that the tomatoes do not rot so quickly. This is one way in which genetically modified (gm) crops can improve agriculture. Scientists know that this technology can also protect people from starvation in countries where insects or diseases destroy crops. For example, fruit and vegetables have been modified so that they are not damaged by the diseases that kill ‘normal’ plants.
however, many people believe that modified food is unnatural and fear that genetic engineering may bring new diseases in the future. So should we eat genetically modified food or not? Surprisingly, biscuits, cakes and many other foods that we have been eating for years already contain genetically modified ingredients. Have they done us any damage?













unit 11
moby dick
ishmael, the novel’s storyteller, went to sea on a whaling ship called the perquod. The ship’s captain, ahab, had lost a leg when his ship was attacked by a great white whale called moby dick on his last voyage. Ahab told his men that the purpose of their voyage was to hunt and kill moby dick and he offered a gold coin to the first sailor who saw him.
the perquod sailed round the continent of africa into the indian ocean. whenever they met other ships which had been whaling in the area, ahab asked their captains if they had seen moby dick. A sailor from one of these ships predicted that anyone who tried to kill moby dick would die. After this, there were many accidents on the perquod, but nothing stopped ahab. He was determined to kill the whale which he thought of as his enemy.
suddenly, a storm hit the perquod and one of the sailors fell to his death from the ship. Soon after this, they saw moby dick and ahab sent out men armed with harpoons in a small boat, but the whale destroyed the boat. The next day, more boats were sent out and, although a harpoon hit the whale, moby dick was strong enough to attack the perquod. On the third day, boats were sent out again and this time the whale rammed and sank the ship. Captain ahab was pulled out on a harpoon rope and died attached to the whale. The boat sank and all the crew drowned except ishmael, who held onto some floating wood. He was rescued by another whaling ship and lived to tell the story.


unit 12
building for people
the main purpose of buildings has always been to protect people from bad weather. In countries with hot and cold seasons, insulated buildings keep out heat and cold. In hot, dry areas, buildings with thick walls or those with small windows keep out the heat. In places where there is a lot of rain or snow, buildings have sloping roofs, whereas in egypt, where there is little rain, most houses have flat roofs.
geography is also important in building design. Many houses in japan, for example, are made of wood because japan has a lot of earthquakes, and buildings made of bricks and concrete can be dangerous if they fall down.
many modern buildings are made of metal, concrete and glass, but some are still made from mud bricks. These houses are particularly suitable for hot climates because they do not conduct heat well, so the inside stays cool. They are also easy and cheap to construct.
today, technology also affects how buildings are designed. Modern houses can be very high-tech. Some buildings can be controlled from a mobile phone. So if the owners are out, they can lock or unlock their doors, turn their lights on and off and even cook their meals without being there themselves.
the world-famous egyptian architect hassan fathy realised the value of traditional ways of building. He found that one of the oldest buildings in ancient egypt, near luxor, had been built in the same way as people build houses in upper egypt today.














review d
the chinese invented ice cream in the fourth century bc, using only two ingredients: Snow and fruit juice. Centuries later, the italian explorer marco polo brought it back to europe, where it was immediately popular. However, it was not until the 19th century that it was produced in large quantities by the american jacob fussell.
in the summer of 1922, thomas wall, who had been the owner of a food company for many years, decided that his factory in london would start to make ice cream. The public loved it and soon the factory was making 700 litres of ice cream a week. Thomas wall had not been expecting his ice cream to be so popular. At first, the ice cream was sold only in shops, but then thomas wall had another good idea. He bought a lot of special bicycles and put boxes of ice cream on the front with an advertisement which said “stop me and buy one”. Wall’s workers rode from street to street around london selling ice cream. By the late 1930s, there were 8,500 bicycles selling ice cream around britain.
ice cream is not only eaten where the weather is hot. People in cold countries love it, too. In 2002, people in northern europe ate 14 litres each. It is surprising that the italians, who are famous for their delicious ice cream, ate only nine litres each. However the people of new zealand ate the most: 22 litres each, and the chinese, who invented ice cream, ate only two litres!


unit 13
mobile phone saves a man’s life
the fast train from cairo was half an hour away from alexandria. The passengers were chatting, sleeping, reading or listening to music when they heard this announcement: “we regret to inform you that one of our passengers is very ill. If there is a doctor on the train, please could he or she come to the front?”
unfortunately, there was not a doctor on the train, but one of the passengers left her seat and went to the front, where the ill passenger was. She told the train’s conductor, “my brother’s a doctor in a hospital in alexandria. I could phone him on my mobile and ask him to ar range for an ambulance to meet the train when it arrives.” “thank you,” said the conductor. “that’s a very good idea.” the woman phoned her brother at the hospital and told him what had happened. When the train arrived in alexandria, the doctor was waiting with the ambulance and two paramedics. The ill passenger was taken to hospital, where he had to have an operation. A week later, he was better and left the hospital. The first thing he did when he got home was to contact the woman who had phoned for the ambulance. “i want to thank you for saving my life,” he said. “without your call, i might have died.” “i was happy to help,” said the woman. “my mobile phone has never been so useful!”
unit 14
king solomon’s mines
an englishman, sir henry curtis, is in africa looking for his brother who has gone missing while searching for king solomon’s mines. Alan quatermain, an adventurer and hunter who has a map of the mines, agrees to help sir henry look for his brother. A oung african, umbopa, travels with them as their servant.
walking across a desert, the group almost die of thirst, but eventually reach mountains. They cross the mountains into kukuanaland, a country in a hidden valley. Soldiers from the country’s army capture sir henry’s group and are going to kill them, but suddenly become afraid when one of the englishmen behaves strangely. Soon the kukuanas believe that the men have strange and powerful forces.
the englishmen are taken to king twala, a cruel, violent man who kills anyone who opposes him. To become king, he killed his brother and sent his brother’s wife and son ignosi into the desert to die.
the servant umbopa now tells the englishmen that he is really ignosi. Then, with his own soldiers and his english friends, he attacks the king’s army. In the battle that follows, twala is killed. Then, one of the old king’s advisers, gagool, takes the groups to king solomon mines, where they found rooms full of gold and diamonds. While they are looking at the treasure, gagool escapes and traps the englishmen in the mine without food or water. fortunately, after a few days, they manage to get out of the mine, taking enough diamonds to make them rich.
the englishmen say goodbye to the new king ignosi and start their journey home. On their way, they stop at the oasis, where they find sir henery’s brother.


unit 15
off the beaten track
most travellers to egypt visit the famous sites in cairo and upper egypt, but the country has many other interesting historical places. Here are three of them.
sinai
a traveller once described sinai as “thirty thousand square kilometres of nothing.” in fact, sinai has some of the most beautiful landscape in egypt. It is also home to wildlife such as the fox and the wolf, just as it was 3,000 years ago. The monastery of st catherine is located in the centre of sinai. Built in the sixth century when the romans were in egypt, this is the oldest christian monastery in the world. Its huge walls, which are 12–60 metres high, were built to protect its treasures.
el-minya
the area around el-minya contains tombs, temples and monasteries. One of the most famous sites in this area is tel el-amarna, which is 50kilometres south of el-minya on the east bank of the nile. The pharaoh akhnaton built temples and palaces here because he wanted it to be the capital of egypt. Today the temples and palaces have gone, but the tombs that were cut into the hills remain.
fayoum oasis
fayoum oasis is a very fertile agricultural area which is famous for its waterwheels. These were built in the third century bc and were designed to lift water from the river to the level of the fields where it was used for irrigation. There is a group of seven waterwheels to the north of the city.


review e
she
horace holly, a cambridge university professor, agrees to help a younger man, leo vincey, find out more about vincey’s ancestors. They discover some instructions written on an ancient pot which was left to vincey when his father died. The instructions lead them to a remote part of the east coast of africa.
after a long journey, they meet ayesha, a beautiful and powerful woman who is loved by her people. But her people also fear her because they know she will punish anyone who she dislikes or who disagrees with her.
holly and vincey discover something very strange about ayesha: Many years earlier, she walked through a special fire which stopped her from growing old. More than 2,000 years before, she became furious with her husband, kallikrates, who then disappeared. She is now waiting for him to return.
as soon as she sees leo vincey, she believes he is kallikrates who has come back to her. She tries to make leo vincey waklk through the special fire so that he, too, will never grow old. When vincey does not believe the story, ayesha walks through the fire for a second time to show him what will happen. Suddenly, ayesha changes and becomes her true age – over 2,000 years old.



















unit 16
tourism today
people have visited egypt ever since greek and roman times, but modern tourism began when an englishman, thomas cook, arranged the first package tour in 1841. Package tours are holidays arranged by a travel company which include travel, accommodation and sometimes meals for a fixed price.
mass tourism as we know it today first became popular in the 1960s, when air travel became cheaper, and today tourism is a huge business. Millions of holidaymakers are carried by air to destinations all over the world. Countries on the mediterranean coast alone attract 100 million tourists every summer!
countries make a lot of money out of tourism, but there are also disadvantages. For example, every minute of every day, about one hundred europeans visit notre dame cathedral in paris. Their feet wear away the stone floors. The houses waiting for the tourists produce pollution that damages the outside of the building.
during the tourist season, many of the world’s great cities are very difficult to live in. Try ordinary food shopping in prague or florence in the middle of summer! Tourists with cameras block your way. Shopping is impossible!
for egypt, tourism is the second most important earner of foreign currency after oil. The tourist industry employs thousands of people such as travel agents, hotel staff and building workers. Egyptian travel agents think that by the year 2017, sixteen million tourists will visit egypt each year, compared to the nine million who visited in 2006. If this happens, new hotels and roads will have to be built and new parks and resorts will need to be planned.


unit 17
jurassic park
the story begins with reports of attacks by strange animals on isla nublar, an island in the pacific ocean off the coast of costa rica. Alan grant, a paleontologist (a scientist who studies prehistoric forms of life), and a student, ellie sattler, are taken to the island by its owner, the billionaire john hammond, to visit a special park which he has set up there.
when they arrive, they find that the park is inhabited by dinosaurs which have been produced by genetic engineering. The animals are kept safely behind electric fences and cannot escape. But then one of the scientists who works at the park turns off all the alarms so that he can steal some dinosaur eggs to sell to another organisation. While the electricity is off some of the dinosaurs escape and start attacking and killing humans. Alan grant and a group of children he is looking after are lost on the island and are in great danger.
scientists and engineers try to make the park safe again, but it is too late. Some of the most dangerous dinosaurs have escaped and are on a boat that is sailing towards the mainland of costa rica.
to avoid more damage, the park is destroyed by planes from costa rica. Then some of the survivors, including alan grant, are put in prison for putting people’s lives in danger. Later, it is reported that a pack of unknown animals is eating crops and attacking animals in costa rica.
this is the end of jurassic park, but the story continues in michael crichton’s next novel, the lost world.
unit 18
how hot the earth can get?
most people now accept the fact that the world’s climate is changing. But why is this happening and what can we do about it?
scientists believe that there are a number of natural reasons for climate change. One could be changes in how much heat we get from the sun. Another could be volcanoes. When a volcano erupts, it sends dust into the atmosphere. This stops some of the sun’s light and can make our climate cooler.
we have also been adding gases like carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. These greenhouse gases stop heat escaping, which increases the earth’s temperature. This is called the greenhouse effect. The carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is increasing mainly because we burn fuels such as oil and gas. The fact that we continue to destroy the rainforests (which take in carbon dioxide and produce oxygen) makes matters worse. If the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere continues to increase, scientists believe that by 2050, the temperature of the earth’s surface could go up by 2°c.
how will global warming affect the world? It is now known that the ice at the arctic and the antarctic is melting. If this continues, sea levels will rise and some parts of the world will be flooded, making many people homeless.
so what can be done? Countries must stop destroying the rainforests and produce less carbon dioxide. And, as individuals, we must all reduce the carbon dioxide we produce. This can be done by people using cars only when they have to or by turning down air conditioning in the summer.


review f
for many years, scientists have been trying to discover genetic information about the dinosaurs which lived on the earth millions of years ago. They believe that by using genetic engineering, they may be able to produce new dinosaurs.
one group of scientists were confident that this would be a possibility after a 68-million-year-old dinosaur skeleton was discovered. As it was being lifted from the ground, one of the bones broke and they found something soft inside that was not stone. This was a remarkable discovery for scientists, who had believed that every part of a dinosaur’s body would have turned to stone after such a long time.
although this discovery meant that dinosaurs could be produced, as in jurassic park, scientists realised that the work would take too long to decide to look for other ways to bring back dinosaurs.
their next idea was to look at birds. Paleontologists know that birds belong to the same genetic family as dinosaurs, so studying birds’ genes may be the best way to produce these ancient giants. A discovery in china showed that some dinosaurs had feathers like birds. More surprisingly, it has been discovered that in the egg, some baby birds have very small teeth and tails like dinosaurs.
although scientists now believe that it is possible to wake the sleeping genes in birds and produce new dinosaurs, many people oppose the idea. They believe that dinosaurs, many people oppose the idea. They believe that dinosaurs should remain the subject of films and books on



انت بحق فاكهة المنتدى يا مستر جواد

thanks alot
Mr.Gawad

Thank you very much

ياريت يامستر تنزلهم فى ملف word

ياريت يامستر تنزلهم فى ملف word
الملف وورد بالفعل يامستر عصام بس فى اخر الموضوع انظر المرفقات وشكرا

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مجهود رائع و مشكور عليه
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ممكن موضوعات tapescript للوحدات أيضا

اكثر من رائع يا استاذ الاساتذة.........ياريت نصوص الستماع

ا/مصطفي كامل مدرسة السلام الثانوية بنات.....ادارة حدائق القبة .....القاهرة

جزاكم الله خيرا
ايه الروعةدى

جزاكم الله خيرا

لو سمحت نص الإستماع عشان فية جمل بتيجى منة

الله يكرمك يااستاذنا الفاضل

رائع كالعادة

جزاك الله خير الجزاء على هذا الجهد الجميل والرائع

لو سمحتو عاوزه دروس ال listening

شكرا جزيلا على هذه المجهودات

thanksssssssssssssssssssssssss

listening please
thanksssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss sssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss

مجهود رااااائع
جزاك الله خيرا

انت بحق فاكهة المنتدى يا مستر جواد


اكيد طبعا بارك الله فيك

ياريت لو عندك حضرتك نصوص الاستماع نرفعها لينا يبقى كتر خيرك

مشكور يا أستاذنا أبو الجود

May Allah Bless and Reward you
Great
Thanks
For
Great
Efforts