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23-01-2010, 11:53 PM
مذكرة مراجعة نهائيةعلوم لغات
Final Revision
Mohab Othman Elsakka
mohabphysics_mohabphysics
Final touch for mid-term 1st unit
Definitions
The cell
The building unit of living organism body
Animal cell :
The building unit of animal's body
Plant cell :
The building unit of plant's body
Tissue :
A group of similar cells in shape , structure and function
Organ :
A group of different tissues that work together
System :
A group of different organs that work together
Digestion process :
Breaking down of complex ( complicated ) food substanbces into simple water soluble food substances
Absorption :
Transferring of digested food from small intestine to the blood
Cardiac pulse :
Number of heart beats per minute
Heart beat :
One heart contraction followed by one heart relaxation
Complete ( important points )
1. The infective stage of anklystoma worm is Larave
2. white blood cells attack the microbes that enter the human body
3. Atria receive the blood from veins , while ,ventricles pump the blood to body parts
4. To avoid the infection by constipation we should eat vegetables and fruits
5. liver and pancreas are two glands which connected to the small intestine
6. The plant cell has an inflexible wall called cell wall while the animal
cell has a central body called centrosome
7. The circulatory system consists of heart , blood , blood vessels
8. The plant cell is surrounded by cell wall while
The animal cell is surrounded by plasma membrane
9. The plant cell is characterized by the presence of cell wall and plastids
10. Cell wall is made of cellulose Which surrounds plasma membrane
11. Sap vacuole is filled with sugars , salts and water .
12. The digestive system consists of two main parts which are alimentary canal and accessories glands of Alimentary canal
13. To avoid becoming obese you should moderate and regulate in eating food
14. The person infected by Anklystoma suffers from anemia and bleeding
15. Esophagus has circular muscles which push chyme toward the stomach
16. Bile juice is stored in gall bladder and poured in small intestine
17. Digestion of carbohydrates is completed inside small intestine
18. The human body consists of small building units called cells
19. The cytoplasm is surrounded by plasma membrane while the nucleus is surrounded by cytoplasm
20. The cellular wall characterizes the plant than the animal cell
21. All vital processes of living organisms take place inside the cell
22. A tissue is composed of (consists of ) (made of )(formed of) similar cells
23. A group of tissue that work together form organ
24. From examples of tissues blood , bone and nerves
25. The associates glands of alimentary canal are liver , pancreas and salivary glands
26. The liver is situated at the right side of the stomach inside the abdominal cavity
27. Saliva contains digestive substance which change starch into sugar
28. Pharynx allows food to pass from mouth to esophagus
29. Food is partially digested inside the stomach .and completely digested inside small intestine
30. Anklystoma lives inside small intestine feeds on digested food .and tears intestinal membrane
31. The heart is a strong hollow muscle has the size of the fist
32. The cardiac pulse contains one contraction followed by one relaxation
33. All arteries carry oxygenated blood except pulmonary artery
34. All veins carry deoxygenated blood except 4 pulmonary veins
Functions :
Organ
Function
Digestive system
Digestion and absorption of food
Mouth
Tongue
Mix food with saliva
Salivary glands
Secretes saliva that change starch into sugar
Teeth
Crush food into small pieces
Saliva
Change starch into sugar (digest carbohydrates )
Pharynx
Allow food to pass from mouth to esophagus
Esophagus
Allow food to pass from pharynx to stomach
Stomach
Secrets gastric juice that digest proteins
Digest food partly by contraction and
relaxation of its wall muscles
Liver
Secrets bile juice that digest fats and oils
Gall bladder
Store bile juice
Pancreas
Secretes pancreatic juice that digest food
Small intestine
Digest food completely
Absorb food into blood
Large intestine
Store undigested food (stool ) till it is excreted through anus during defecation
Alimentary canal
Digestion and absorption of food
Accessories glands
Secrete juices and enzymes that help in food digestion
Circulatory system
Transfer digested food and oxygen to body cells
Transfer wastes from body cells to excretory system
Heart
Pump the blood to all body cells through arteries
Blood vessels
Carry the blood from and to the heart
Red blood cells
carry oxygen gas from 2 lungs to body cells
carry CO2 gas fro body cells to 2 lungs
Plasma
Carry digested food from digestive system to body cells
Carry wastes from body cells to excretory system
White blood cells
Resist and destroy the microbes that attack the body
Platelets
Heal wounds and damaged vessels
Help in blood clot process
Atriums
Receive blood from veins and carry it to ventricles
Ventricles
Push the blood to body parts through arteries
Veins
Carry blood from body parts to heart
Arteries
Carry blood from heart to body parts
Blood capillaries
Allow gases and dissolved food to diffuse (pass in or out )
From and to the cells
Four pulmonary veins
Carry oxygenated blood from 2 lungs to left atrium
Vena cava
Carry deoxygenated blood from body cells to right atrium
Pulmonary artery
Carry deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to 2 lungs
Aorta artery
Carry oxygenated blood from left ventricle to body cells
Valve
Allow the blood to pass in one direction only from atriums to ventricles
Septum
Prevent mixing of blood in the 2 sides of the heart
Cell wall
Supports and protect the plant cell
Microscope
Magnify (see ) the living cells
The cell
Carry out all the vital activities that help the living organism to live
How to keep the digestive system healthy:
Moderate and regulate in eating food :
To avoid indigestion and obesity
Clean you teeth :
To protect them from decay
Eat vegetable and fruits rich in cereals :
To avoid constipation
Keep the cleaning of persons and environment :
To avoid the infection with some worms as ascaris and anklystoma
Wash you hand before an\d after eating :
To avoid diarrhea
How to keep the circulatory system healthy :
Practice (do ) physical exercises :
To activate the blood circulation and strengthen heart muscles
Decrease amount of salts and fats in your meals
Eat balanced meal rich in mineral salts and vitamins
Avoid smoking and smokers :
Because they damage heart and 2 lungs
Avoid psychological stress (hypertension ) (over exertion )
Important Give Reasons
1. Cells are differentiated in the human body
To perform different functions
2. blood flow in one direction from atrium to ventricle
because heart has valve that allows the blood to pass in one direction only from atrium to ventricles not vice versa
3. we should decrease the amounts of fats and oils in your meals
to keep circulatory system healthy because as make arteries and veins non-elastic
4. cells can't be seen by the microscope :
because they are very tiny unit
5. the heart is considered an organ
because it consists of different tissues
6. the small intestine is called ileum
because it is long convoluted tube
7. we must chew food very well :
to digest it easily and to mix it with saliva
8. you feels a sweety taste when you chew a piece of food very well :
because saliva changes starch into sugar
9. anklystoma worm is very dangerous worm :
because it feeds on digested food and tears intestinal membrane causing bleeding and anemia
10. plant cell has definite shape :
because it is surrounded by inflexible cell wall
11. animal cell has indefinite shape :
because it has flexible(elastic ) plasma membrane
12. salivary glands secretes saliva :
to change starch into sugar
13. you should clean you teeth regularly:
to protect them from decay to keep digestive system healthy
14. human should eat suitable amount of cereals and fruits :
to avoid constipation as they contain fibers
15. you should Moderate and regulate in eating food :
To avoid indigestion and obesity
16. We should Keep the cleaning of persons and environment :
To avoid the infection with some worms as ascaris and anklystoma
17. The hart is acting as a pump in its performance :
Because it pumps the blood to all body parts .
18. The presence of valve in the heart :
To allow the blood to pass in one direction only from atriums to ventricles
19. The importance of blood platelets :
Because they heal wounds and damaged vessels
20. The importance of white blood cells :
Because they destroy the microbes
21. The speed of heart beats increases during exerting a great muscular effort :
Because great effort need a large amount of energy which need pumping more oxygen by the heart to body cells .
22. Arteries have thick muscular wall :
Because they push the blood for along distance
23. Veins have thin muscular wall :
Because they push the blood for a short distance
24. You shouldn't make effort after eating directly :
Because digestive system need energy to digest food well
Compare between :
saliva & gastric juice and bile juice according to
( The secretive gland – the place of secretion – kind of food which is affected by both of them )
p.o.c
Saliva
Gastric juice
Bile juice
gland
Salivary glands
stomach
Liver
Place of
secretion
Mouth
stomach
Small intestine
Food
Starch
(carbohydrate as)
Proteins
Fats and oils
Plant cell and animal cell ( cell wall – centrosome – chloroplasts )
p.o.c
Plant cell
Animal cell
Cell wall
Present (has )
Absent (has not )
Plastids
Has
Has not
Centrosome
Has no
Has
Sap vacuole
Large
Small or missed
Veins & arteries ( function – wall thickness )
p.o.c
Veins
Arteries
Function
Carry blood from body parts to heart
Carry blood from heart to body parts
Wall Thickness
Thin
Thick
What happens if :
1. The white blood cells are absent in the human body
Microbes attack the body
2. A person walks barefoot in moist soil :
Larva penetrates the skin and feeds on digested food
3. Adding iodine dye to a piece of bread chewed well by teeth :
Its color doesn"t change into blue because it doesn't contain starch
4. the left ventricle contracts :
it pumps the oxygenated blood to body cells through aorta artery
5. the right ventricle contract :
it pumps deoxygenated blood to 2 lungs through pulmonary artery
6. Anklystoma infects a person :
It feeds on digested food and tears intestinal membrane .causing bleeding and anemia
7. Swallow food without properly chewing :
It causes indigestion
8.The liver became infected by a dangerous :
It doesn’t digest fats and oils
unit 2
Define ( what is meant by ? )
Concept
Definition
Matter
any thing that has mass and volume .
Physical change
A change in the shape and appearance of matter not in its structure
Chemical change
A change in structure and shape of matter forming new substance with new properties
Solution
A homogenous mixture that consist of solute an solvent
Solvent
A liquid substance that dissolves solute (solid substance )
Melting
Change of matter from solid state to liquid state by heating
Freezing
Change of matter from liquid state to solid state by cooling
Evaporation
Change of matter from liquid state to gaseous state by heating
Condensation
Change of matter from gaseous state to liquid state by cooling
Examples
Acids
Alkalis
Salts
Lemon juice
Caustic soda
Sodium chloride
Vinegar
Caustic potash
Potassium chloride
Hydrochloric acid
Ammonia
Calcium carbonate
Sulphuric acid
Sodium carbonate
Nitric acid
Sodium bicarbonate
Chemical names
Substance
Chemical name
Lemon juice
Citric acid
Vinegar
Acetic acid
Caustic soda
Sodium hydroxide
Caustic potash
Potassium hydroxide
Ammonia
Ammonium hydroxide
Lime stone (chalk )
Calcium carbonate
Table salt
Sodium chloride
Comparisons
Physical change
Chemical change
A change in the shape and appearance of matter not in its structure
A change in structure and shape of matter forming new substance with new properties
Examples :
Melting of wax
Melting of ice
Grinding of sugar
Grinding of salt
Dissolving of sugar in water
Dissolving of salt in water
Freezing of water
Melting of ice
Evaporation of water
Condensation of water vapour
Examples :
burning = combustion = charring
Iron rust
Fermentation and purification of fruits
Burning of sugar
Burning of wood
Burning of coal
Burning of paper
Burning of bread
Burning of candle
Acids
Alkalis
They turn blue litmus paper into red
They turn red litmus paper into blue
They have sour taste
They have burn effect on the skin
They have smooth (soft ) touch like soap
Dilute acids react with salts of carbonate or bicarbonate forming carbon dioxide gas
They react with vegetable oils forming soap
Compound
Mixture
Its components cannot be separated by simple physical means .
Its components can be separated by simple physical means .
Its components react with each other
Its components don't react with each other
Its components lose their own properties
Its components keep their own properties
Acids+ salts of carbonate or bicarbonate carbon dioxide gas
Alkalis + vegetable oils soap
Acids + alkalis salts
Main points :
· Matter is any thing has massand volume
· Matter exists in three states which are solid , liquid and gaseous
· Types of changes that occur to matter are physical change and chemical change
· The physical change is the change in the shape and appearance of matter without change in its structure
· Matter changes from state to another by heating or cooling
· Melting of ice is a physical change while burning of candle is a chemical change
· The chemical change of matter is the change in structure of matter resulting a new substance with new properties
· Fermentation and purification of fruits is an example of chemical change
· Iron rust when it is exposed to oxygen and water vapour
· Dissolution (dissolving ) requires solvent and solute
· Speed (rate ) dissolving increases by heating and stirring
· The solution is composed of solvent and solute
· The solution is a homogenous mixture that consists of solute and solvent
· The dissolution of salt in water means that water acts as solvent and salt
is solute
· Water vapour can be condensed and collected bye exposing it to a cold surface
· We can obtain table salt from sea water by evaporation and we can get fresh water from sea water by condensation
· When table salt dissolve in water the product (result ) is salt solution
· Chemical compounds are classified into acids , alkalis and salts
· Caustic soda and ammonia are example of alkalis
· Alkalis as caustic soda react with vegetable oils giving soap
· Soap is formed from the reaction of alkalis with vegetable oils
· The dilute acids have sour taste
· Dilute acids react with carbonate or bicarbonate salts producing carbon dioxide gas
· Lemon juice has acidic effect while sodium hydroxide solution ahs alkaline effect
· Salts have neutral effect on litmus papers
· Carbon dioxide gas is evolved from the reaction between dilute acids and carbonate or bicarbonate salts.
· Alkalis have smooth touch like soap
· A solution of sodium chloride does not change the color of red litmus paper because it has neutral effect
· Acids react with alkalis producing salts
Look at the following figure then answer ?
Label it ?
1.lemon juice + sodium carbonate
2.lime water
3.CO2 gas
Mention the name of the evolved gas ?
CO2 gas
What happens in the following reaction ?
1. CO2 gas evolves
2. Effervescence happen
3. Lime water turbid
What do you conclude from this activity ?
Dilute acids react with salts of carbonate or bicarbonate and CO2 gas evolves
Give Reasons :
Effervescence occurs when acids (vinegar )reacts with sodium carbonate :
Because CO2 gas evolves (formed )
Alkalis used in soap industry :
Because they react with vegetable oils forming soap
And have smooth touch as soap
Table salt doesn't change the colour of red or blue litmus papers:
Because it has neutral effect on litmus paper
Tooth paste solution has acidic effect :
Because it ahs sour taste and turn blue litmus paper into red
It is easy to differentiate between acids and alkalis :
Bec. Acids turn blue litmus paper to red and alkalis turn red litmus paper into blue
You shouldn't touch caustic soda before dilution :
Because it ahs burn effect on the skin
Alkaline solution can be tested by using red litmus solution :
Because it changes red litmus paper to red
Components of mixture can be separated by simple physical means :
Because they keep their own properties and don't react with each other
The solution is considered as mixture not a compound :
Because :
Its components can be separated by simple physical means
Its components don't react with each other
Its components keep their own properties
Calcium carbonate doesn't disappear when it is stirred in water :
because it is insoluble (doesn't dissolve ) in water
melting of ice is a physical change :
because it is A change in the shape and appearance of matter not in its structure
burning of wood is a chemical change :
because it is A change in structure and shape of matter forming new substance with new properties
formation of a layer of rust on the surface of wet iron wire :
because iron reacts with water and oxygen and it is chemical change
What happens on ?
Adding vinegar to sodium carbonate and passing the evolved gas
into lime water :
4. CO2 gas evolves
5. Effervescence happen
6. Lime water turbid
Putting red and blue litmus papers in caustic soda solution :
1. Blue litmus paper doesn't change
2. Red litmus paper turns into blue
Putting red and blue litmus papers in lemon juice solution :
1. Blue litmus paper change into red
2. Red litmus paper doesn't change
Final Revision
Mohab Othman Elsakka
mohabphysics_mohabphysics
Final touch for mid-term 1st unit
Definitions
The cell
The building unit of living organism body
Animal cell :
The building unit of animal's body
Plant cell :
The building unit of plant's body
Tissue :
A group of similar cells in shape , structure and function
Organ :
A group of different tissues that work together
System :
A group of different organs that work together
Digestion process :
Breaking down of complex ( complicated ) food substanbces into simple water soluble food substances
Absorption :
Transferring of digested food from small intestine to the blood
Cardiac pulse :
Number of heart beats per minute
Heart beat :
One heart contraction followed by one heart relaxation
Complete ( important points )
1. The infective stage of anklystoma worm is Larave
2. white blood cells attack the microbes that enter the human body
3. Atria receive the blood from veins , while ,ventricles pump the blood to body parts
4. To avoid the infection by constipation we should eat vegetables and fruits
5. liver and pancreas are two glands which connected to the small intestine
6. The plant cell has an inflexible wall called cell wall while the animal
cell has a central body called centrosome
7. The circulatory system consists of heart , blood , blood vessels
8. The plant cell is surrounded by cell wall while
The animal cell is surrounded by plasma membrane
9. The plant cell is characterized by the presence of cell wall and plastids
10. Cell wall is made of cellulose Which surrounds plasma membrane
11. Sap vacuole is filled with sugars , salts and water .
12. The digestive system consists of two main parts which are alimentary canal and accessories glands of Alimentary canal
13. To avoid becoming obese you should moderate and regulate in eating food
14. The person infected by Anklystoma suffers from anemia and bleeding
15. Esophagus has circular muscles which push chyme toward the stomach
16. Bile juice is stored in gall bladder and poured in small intestine
17. Digestion of carbohydrates is completed inside small intestine
18. The human body consists of small building units called cells
19. The cytoplasm is surrounded by plasma membrane while the nucleus is surrounded by cytoplasm
20. The cellular wall characterizes the plant than the animal cell
21. All vital processes of living organisms take place inside the cell
22. A tissue is composed of (consists of ) (made of )(formed of) similar cells
23. A group of tissue that work together form organ
24. From examples of tissues blood , bone and nerves
25. The associates glands of alimentary canal are liver , pancreas and salivary glands
26. The liver is situated at the right side of the stomach inside the abdominal cavity
27. Saliva contains digestive substance which change starch into sugar
28. Pharynx allows food to pass from mouth to esophagus
29. Food is partially digested inside the stomach .and completely digested inside small intestine
30. Anklystoma lives inside small intestine feeds on digested food .and tears intestinal membrane
31. The heart is a strong hollow muscle has the size of the fist
32. The cardiac pulse contains one contraction followed by one relaxation
33. All arteries carry oxygenated blood except pulmonary artery
34. All veins carry deoxygenated blood except 4 pulmonary veins
Functions :
Organ
Function
Digestive system
Digestion and absorption of food
Mouth
Tongue
Mix food with saliva
Salivary glands
Secretes saliva that change starch into sugar
Teeth
Crush food into small pieces
Saliva
Change starch into sugar (digest carbohydrates )
Pharynx
Allow food to pass from mouth to esophagus
Esophagus
Allow food to pass from pharynx to stomach
Stomach
Secrets gastric juice that digest proteins
Digest food partly by contraction and
relaxation of its wall muscles
Liver
Secrets bile juice that digest fats and oils
Gall bladder
Store bile juice
Pancreas
Secretes pancreatic juice that digest food
Small intestine
Digest food completely
Absorb food into blood
Large intestine
Store undigested food (stool ) till it is excreted through anus during defecation
Alimentary canal
Digestion and absorption of food
Accessories glands
Secrete juices and enzymes that help in food digestion
Circulatory system
Transfer digested food and oxygen to body cells
Transfer wastes from body cells to excretory system
Heart
Pump the blood to all body cells through arteries
Blood vessels
Carry the blood from and to the heart
Red blood cells
carry oxygen gas from 2 lungs to body cells
carry CO2 gas fro body cells to 2 lungs
Plasma
Carry digested food from digestive system to body cells
Carry wastes from body cells to excretory system
White blood cells
Resist and destroy the microbes that attack the body
Platelets
Heal wounds and damaged vessels
Help in blood clot process
Atriums
Receive blood from veins and carry it to ventricles
Ventricles
Push the blood to body parts through arteries
Veins
Carry blood from body parts to heart
Arteries
Carry blood from heart to body parts
Blood capillaries
Allow gases and dissolved food to diffuse (pass in or out )
From and to the cells
Four pulmonary veins
Carry oxygenated blood from 2 lungs to left atrium
Vena cava
Carry deoxygenated blood from body cells to right atrium
Pulmonary artery
Carry deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to 2 lungs
Aorta artery
Carry oxygenated blood from left ventricle to body cells
Valve
Allow the blood to pass in one direction only from atriums to ventricles
Septum
Prevent mixing of blood in the 2 sides of the heart
Cell wall
Supports and protect the plant cell
Microscope
Magnify (see ) the living cells
The cell
Carry out all the vital activities that help the living organism to live
How to keep the digestive system healthy:
Moderate and regulate in eating food :
To avoid indigestion and obesity
Clean you teeth :
To protect them from decay
Eat vegetable and fruits rich in cereals :
To avoid constipation
Keep the cleaning of persons and environment :
To avoid the infection with some worms as ascaris and anklystoma
Wash you hand before an\d after eating :
To avoid diarrhea
How to keep the circulatory system healthy :
Practice (do ) physical exercises :
To activate the blood circulation and strengthen heart muscles
Decrease amount of salts and fats in your meals
Eat balanced meal rich in mineral salts and vitamins
Avoid smoking and smokers :
Because they damage heart and 2 lungs
Avoid psychological stress (hypertension ) (over exertion )
Important Give Reasons
1. Cells are differentiated in the human body
To perform different functions
2. blood flow in one direction from atrium to ventricle
because heart has valve that allows the blood to pass in one direction only from atrium to ventricles not vice versa
3. we should decrease the amounts of fats and oils in your meals
to keep circulatory system healthy because as make arteries and veins non-elastic
4. cells can't be seen by the microscope :
because they are very tiny unit
5. the heart is considered an organ
because it consists of different tissues
6. the small intestine is called ileum
because it is long convoluted tube
7. we must chew food very well :
to digest it easily and to mix it with saliva
8. you feels a sweety taste when you chew a piece of food very well :
because saliva changes starch into sugar
9. anklystoma worm is very dangerous worm :
because it feeds on digested food and tears intestinal membrane causing bleeding and anemia
10. plant cell has definite shape :
because it is surrounded by inflexible cell wall
11. animal cell has indefinite shape :
because it has flexible(elastic ) plasma membrane
12. salivary glands secretes saliva :
to change starch into sugar
13. you should clean you teeth regularly:
to protect them from decay to keep digestive system healthy
14. human should eat suitable amount of cereals and fruits :
to avoid constipation as they contain fibers
15. you should Moderate and regulate in eating food :
To avoid indigestion and obesity
16. We should Keep the cleaning of persons and environment :
To avoid the infection with some worms as ascaris and anklystoma
17. The hart is acting as a pump in its performance :
Because it pumps the blood to all body parts .
18. The presence of valve in the heart :
To allow the blood to pass in one direction only from atriums to ventricles
19. The importance of blood platelets :
Because they heal wounds and damaged vessels
20. The importance of white blood cells :
Because they destroy the microbes
21. The speed of heart beats increases during exerting a great muscular effort :
Because great effort need a large amount of energy which need pumping more oxygen by the heart to body cells .
22. Arteries have thick muscular wall :
Because they push the blood for along distance
23. Veins have thin muscular wall :
Because they push the blood for a short distance
24. You shouldn't make effort after eating directly :
Because digestive system need energy to digest food well
Compare between :
saliva & gastric juice and bile juice according to
( The secretive gland – the place of secretion – kind of food which is affected by both of them )
p.o.c
Saliva
Gastric juice
Bile juice
gland
Salivary glands
stomach
Liver
Place of
secretion
Mouth
stomach
Small intestine
Food
Starch
(carbohydrate as)
Proteins
Fats and oils
Plant cell and animal cell ( cell wall – centrosome – chloroplasts )
p.o.c
Plant cell
Animal cell
Cell wall
Present (has )
Absent (has not )
Plastids
Has
Has not
Centrosome
Has no
Has
Sap vacuole
Large
Small or missed
Veins & arteries ( function – wall thickness )
p.o.c
Veins
Arteries
Function
Carry blood from body parts to heart
Carry blood from heart to body parts
Wall Thickness
Thin
Thick
What happens if :
1. The white blood cells are absent in the human body
Microbes attack the body
2. A person walks barefoot in moist soil :
Larva penetrates the skin and feeds on digested food
3. Adding iodine dye to a piece of bread chewed well by teeth :
Its color doesn"t change into blue because it doesn't contain starch
4. the left ventricle contracts :
it pumps the oxygenated blood to body cells through aorta artery
5. the right ventricle contract :
it pumps deoxygenated blood to 2 lungs through pulmonary artery
6. Anklystoma infects a person :
It feeds on digested food and tears intestinal membrane .causing bleeding and anemia
7. Swallow food without properly chewing :
It causes indigestion
8.The liver became infected by a dangerous :
It doesn’t digest fats and oils
unit 2
Define ( what is meant by ? )
Concept
Definition
Matter
any thing that has mass and volume .
Physical change
A change in the shape and appearance of matter not in its structure
Chemical change
A change in structure and shape of matter forming new substance with new properties
Solution
A homogenous mixture that consist of solute an solvent
Solvent
A liquid substance that dissolves solute (solid substance )
Melting
Change of matter from solid state to liquid state by heating
Freezing
Change of matter from liquid state to solid state by cooling
Evaporation
Change of matter from liquid state to gaseous state by heating
Condensation
Change of matter from gaseous state to liquid state by cooling
Examples
Acids
Alkalis
Salts
Lemon juice
Caustic soda
Sodium chloride
Vinegar
Caustic potash
Potassium chloride
Hydrochloric acid
Ammonia
Calcium carbonate
Sulphuric acid
Sodium carbonate
Nitric acid
Sodium bicarbonate
Chemical names
Substance
Chemical name
Lemon juice
Citric acid
Vinegar
Acetic acid
Caustic soda
Sodium hydroxide
Caustic potash
Potassium hydroxide
Ammonia
Ammonium hydroxide
Lime stone (chalk )
Calcium carbonate
Table salt
Sodium chloride
Comparisons
Physical change
Chemical change
A change in the shape and appearance of matter not in its structure
A change in structure and shape of matter forming new substance with new properties
Examples :
Melting of wax
Melting of ice
Grinding of sugar
Grinding of salt
Dissolving of sugar in water
Dissolving of salt in water
Freezing of water
Melting of ice
Evaporation of water
Condensation of water vapour
Examples :
burning = combustion = charring
Iron rust
Fermentation and purification of fruits
Burning of sugar
Burning of wood
Burning of coal
Burning of paper
Burning of bread
Burning of candle
Acids
Alkalis
They turn blue litmus paper into red
They turn red litmus paper into blue
They have sour taste
They have burn effect on the skin
They have smooth (soft ) touch like soap
Dilute acids react with salts of carbonate or bicarbonate forming carbon dioxide gas
They react with vegetable oils forming soap
Compound
Mixture
Its components cannot be separated by simple physical means .
Its components can be separated by simple physical means .
Its components react with each other
Its components don't react with each other
Its components lose their own properties
Its components keep their own properties
Acids+ salts of carbonate or bicarbonate carbon dioxide gas
Alkalis + vegetable oils soap
Acids + alkalis salts
Main points :
· Matter is any thing has massand volume
· Matter exists in three states which are solid , liquid and gaseous
· Types of changes that occur to matter are physical change and chemical change
· The physical change is the change in the shape and appearance of matter without change in its structure
· Matter changes from state to another by heating or cooling
· Melting of ice is a physical change while burning of candle is a chemical change
· The chemical change of matter is the change in structure of matter resulting a new substance with new properties
· Fermentation and purification of fruits is an example of chemical change
· Iron rust when it is exposed to oxygen and water vapour
· Dissolution (dissolving ) requires solvent and solute
· Speed (rate ) dissolving increases by heating and stirring
· The solution is composed of solvent and solute
· The solution is a homogenous mixture that consists of solute and solvent
· The dissolution of salt in water means that water acts as solvent and salt
is solute
· Water vapour can be condensed and collected bye exposing it to a cold surface
· We can obtain table salt from sea water by evaporation and we can get fresh water from sea water by condensation
· When table salt dissolve in water the product (result ) is salt solution
· Chemical compounds are classified into acids , alkalis and salts
· Caustic soda and ammonia are example of alkalis
· Alkalis as caustic soda react with vegetable oils giving soap
· Soap is formed from the reaction of alkalis with vegetable oils
· The dilute acids have sour taste
· Dilute acids react with carbonate or bicarbonate salts producing carbon dioxide gas
· Lemon juice has acidic effect while sodium hydroxide solution ahs alkaline effect
· Salts have neutral effect on litmus papers
· Carbon dioxide gas is evolved from the reaction between dilute acids and carbonate or bicarbonate salts.
· Alkalis have smooth touch like soap
· A solution of sodium chloride does not change the color of red litmus paper because it has neutral effect
· Acids react with alkalis producing salts
Look at the following figure then answer ?
Label it ?
1.lemon juice + sodium carbonate
2.lime water
3.CO2 gas
Mention the name of the evolved gas ?
CO2 gas
What happens in the following reaction ?
1. CO2 gas evolves
2. Effervescence happen
3. Lime water turbid
What do you conclude from this activity ?
Dilute acids react with salts of carbonate or bicarbonate and CO2 gas evolves
Give Reasons :
Effervescence occurs when acids (vinegar )reacts with sodium carbonate :
Because CO2 gas evolves (formed )
Alkalis used in soap industry :
Because they react with vegetable oils forming soap
And have smooth touch as soap
Table salt doesn't change the colour of red or blue litmus papers:
Because it has neutral effect on litmus paper
Tooth paste solution has acidic effect :
Because it ahs sour taste and turn blue litmus paper into red
It is easy to differentiate between acids and alkalis :
Bec. Acids turn blue litmus paper to red and alkalis turn red litmus paper into blue
You shouldn't touch caustic soda before dilution :
Because it ahs burn effect on the skin
Alkaline solution can be tested by using red litmus solution :
Because it changes red litmus paper to red
Components of mixture can be separated by simple physical means :
Because they keep their own properties and don't react with each other
The solution is considered as mixture not a compound :
Because :
Its components can be separated by simple physical means
Its components don't react with each other
Its components keep their own properties
Calcium carbonate doesn't disappear when it is stirred in water :
because it is insoluble (doesn't dissolve ) in water
melting of ice is a physical change :
because it is A change in the shape and appearance of matter not in its structure
burning of wood is a chemical change :
because it is A change in structure and shape of matter forming new substance with new properties
formation of a layer of rust on the surface of wet iron wire :
because iron reacts with water and oxygen and it is chemical change
What happens on ?
Adding vinegar to sodium carbonate and passing the evolved gas
into lime water :
4. CO2 gas evolves
5. Effervescence happen
6. Lime water turbid
Putting red and blue litmus papers in caustic soda solution :
1. Blue litmus paper doesn't change
2. Red litmus paper turns into blue
Putting red and blue litmus papers in lemon juice solution :
1. Blue litmus paper change into red
2. Red litmus paper doesn't change