knight3m2000
12-10-2007, 04:16 PM
UNIT 2
Summary of the lesson
Dr Aisha Abdel Rahman was born on the 6th of November, 1913 in Damietta. Her father was against the education of women. Although her mother was illiterate, she together with her grandfather persuaded her father to allow her to go to pre-school in Damietta in 1918, at the age of five. She was very successful at school.
She studied Arabic language and literature at Cairo University where she was awarded
her BA in 1939. She joined the teaching staff as a research assistant and completed her PhD in 1951. She wrote under the pen name of Bint El-Shatei which refers to her birth place in Damietta and as a sign of respect for her father. At the time it wasn't allowed for women to write in press or to take part in public life.
Her father was a well known Sheikh and she used to go with him to religious meetings. Thus religion was the subject of fifteen of her books. She wrote her masterworks on religion including The Prophet’s Mother, The Prophet’s Wives and The Prophet’s Daughters and short stories entitled “Pictures of their lives” in which she described how women overcame traditional restrictions.
Dr Aisha was a brave promoter of women's rights and argued powerfully for women's rights till they took their place in modern society. She became a chairperson of the Arabic department
at Ain Shams university. She was also a visiting professor at Khartoum university. Dr Aisha had
been a witness to the age, because of the events that took place in her life time
life الحياة بصفة عامة
the life of حياة شخص معين او حيوان معين
a life نوع من الحياة
She has no hope in life.
The life of this animal is in danger.
She leads an easy life.
He leads a sad life.
He leads a life of misery.
Idioms and Expressions
As a sign of respect o كدليل على الاحترام
A courageous promoter o مؤيد بشجاعة أدبية
Male dominated society o مجتمع يسيطر عليه الرجال
At the age of o فى عمر
Under the pen name of o تحت اسم مستعار
Successful at o ناجح فى
Traditional restrictions o القيود التقليدية
Hold may / several posts o تقلد مناصب عديدة
A witness to the age o شاهد على العصر
Concerned to spread the truth o مهتم بنشر الحقيقة
Take up much time o يستغرق وقتا
Academic qualifications o مؤهلات أكاديمية
Advocating the rights of women o يؤيد حقوق المرآة
Promoting women's rights o يساند حقوق المرآة
Current affairs o القضايا المعاصرة
Leading Egyptian diplomat o دبلوماسي مصري بارز
Spoke out against prejudice o تناهض التحيز
Respectful for o محترم ل
The past simple tense
يستخدم للتعبير عن حدث بدا وانتهى فى وقت محدد من الماضي.
التكوين: من الفعل فى المصدر مضافا إليه d/ed بالنسبة للأفعال القياسية أو من الفعل فى
التصريف الثاني بالنسبة للأفعال الشاذة.
الكلمات الدالة:
yesterday
ago
last …
once upon a time
the other day
for … أمس
منذ
الماضى
يحكي أن ..
اليوم الماضى
لمده once
in the past
in { ماضى عام}
from … to …
in the ancient times ذات مرة
فى الماضى
فى ……
من.. الي...
في الماضي
ملاحظات هجائية:-
يضاعف الحرف الأخير إذا وجد قبله حرف متحرك stop stopped
تحول y إلي ied إذا وجد قبلها حرف ساكن carry carried
Rehab travelled to Alex last year. {negative}
……………………………………………………………………………
I haven’t seen Ahmed since I was in Alex. {I last}
I last …………………………………I was in Alex.
I have learned English for ten years {ago}
……………………………………………………………………………
I have been studying English for two years. {ago}
……………………………………… …..two years ago .
When did you get your diploma ? {How long}
How long …………………… you get your diploma ?
He started playing the guitar at 4 o'clock. now it is 6 o'clock. {ago}
……………………………………………………………………………
How long ago ……….. Shimaa?
a}have you visited b}did you visit c}had you visited d}would you visit
USED TO
Sفاعل Used to inf = Sفاعل No longer فعل فى زمن المضارع البسيط
تعبر عن عاده كانت تحدث فى الماضي و لم تعد تحدث ألان
It was her habit to travel a lot. {used to}
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
Doing exercises was my habit . {used to}
………………………………………………………………{no longer}
……………………………………………………………………………
When Hagar was young ,she went to the zoo so often. {used to}
………………………………………………………………{no longer}
……………………………………………………………………………
In the past, Rehab played tennis. {used to}
………………………………………………………………{no longer}
……………………………………………………………………………
She was a singer. {used to}
………………………………………………………………{no longer}
……………………………………………………………………………
Aia used to go to school by bus but now she goes there on foot . {no longer}
……………………………………………………………………………
He was in the habit of playing chess when he was young. {used to}
………………………………………………………………{no longer}
……………………………………………………………………………
لاحظ: no longer تسبق كل الأفعال فى اللغة الإنجليزية ما عدا verb to be
فاعل عاقل am/ is / are used to Ving معتاد على عادة من الماضي لازالت تتكرر إلى ألان
It is my habit to study late at night. {I'm}
……………………………………………………………………………
It is Noha's habit to spend her holidays in Alex. {is used to}
……………………………………………………………………………
She usually gets up late. ث ع 2003 {is used to}
……………………………………………………………………………
She usually gets up late in the morning. {is used to}
She is used to ……………………………………………………………..
Oil is used to ……………. Cars. ث ع 1997/ 2004
a} run b}ran c}runs d} running
لاحظ: تلغى القاعدة السابقة طالما الفاعل غير عاقل
عند بناء جملة للمجهول فى زمن الماضي البسيط يراعى الاتى:
الفاعل الجديد Was / were p.p By+الفاعل القديم إذا كان عاقلا
1-The thief broke into my house . {The house}
My house …………………………………………………………………
2-John Barid invented the television . {by}
……………………………………………………………………………
3-He didn’t invite her to the party . {wasn’t}
…………………………to the party.
4-Dr Aisha got her BA in 1939 . {awarded}
Dr Aisha …………………………………………………………………
5-Poverty drove them into a life of distress . {They}
They …………………………………………………a life of distress .
6- Dr Aisha ’s father took her to religious meetings. {was}
…………………………………………to religious meetings .
7-The house wasn’t painted by him. {He …}
He ………………………………………………………
8-The pen name “Bint El Shatei ’’ was taken by Dr Aisha as a sign of respect.
Dr Aisha ……….…………………………………. as a sign of respect
9-It was considered unnecessary to educate women. {People .. }
People …………………………………… to educate women
^^^^ Advice ^^^^
I advise you to + inf = S Should
Ought to inf
It's advisable for you to + inf
You 'd better + inf
You 'd rather + inf
It's a good idea for you to + inf
If I were you. I would' + inf
It 's a good idea for us to overcome all hardships. {we}
should inf للنصح والإرشاد
ought to
……………………………………………………………………………
am/is/are supposed to inf
……………………………………………………………………………
I advise Rehab to study hard. {should / supposed to}
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
It's advisable for you to double your efforts. {should / supposed to}
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
Should I call you tonight? {supposed to}
……………………………………………………………………………
You should spend more time on your studies . {supposed}
You……………………………more time on your studies
You aren’t supposed to park in this place . {shouldn’t}
………………………………………park in this place.
You ought to take as much exercise as you can . {supposed}
………………………………….. as much exercise as you can.
It is midnight ! You shouldn’t be doing your homework now . {supposed}
It is midnight ! You …………………………………………..
You mustn’t miss any school this year. {supposed to}
……………..……………………………any school this year.
Blaming اللوم Should have + p.p
Noha was ill. I should have visited here ,but I was so busy
كان من المستحسن ولكنه لم يحدث
Shouldn't have + p.p
Nabila : Khaled didn't pass his exams.
Hadeer : Khaled shouldn't have played.
لم يكن من المستحسن ولكنه حدث
Maha slept without putting off the lights. {should / shouldn't}
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
Should / ought to have P.P
Was/ were supposed to inf
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
Dina travelled without saying goodbye . {shouldn't / should / supposed}
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
I was supposed to study yesterday evening but I was tired . {ought to have/ supposed}
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
It was believed he was the murderer . {supposed}
……………………………………………………………………………
He was supposed to arrive last night, but he didn’t. {should}
……………………………………………………………………………
I really regret ever starting that business . {supposed}
……………………………………………………………………………
You weren't supposed to phone me at a late hour of the night. {shouldn't} 2006
……………………………………………………………………………
^^^
SUFFIXES
اللواحق:حرف أو مجموعة من الحروف توضع اخرالكلمة لتغير معناها
Suffixes which make a word into a noun
Suffix Example word meaning
Acy Democracy Government by democratically elected representatives of the people
Ion Communication the exchange of information or ideas
ment Agreement An opinion shared between two or more people
Suffixes which make a word into an adjective
Suffix Example word meaning
Able Comfortable Adjective from the non comfort
Al Biological To do with biology
En Wooden Made of wood
Ful Wonderful Full of wonder
Ious Ambitious To have plans for the future
Ous Dangerous Not safe
Ive Effective Having an effect
Less Useless Without a use
ical Economical Not wasteful
Suffixes which make a word into a verb
Suffix Example word meaning
Ize Realize يدرك To notice and understand something
Ify Falsify يزوَر To make something false
en Shorten يقصَر To make short
Exercises
Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets :
1-Shakespeare wrote Hamlet. {by}
2-I have learned English for ten years {ago}
3-Don’t look directly at the sun. {shouldn't}
4-He isn’t supposed to telephone them now . {shouldn’t}
5-What do you think about mobile phones ? {opinion }
6-The parcel wasn't delivered yesterday . {The postman}
7-The referee cancelled the match because of the heavy rain. {was}
8-Somebody accused him of stealing the car . {He}
9-I haven’t phoned him since last week . {ago}
10-Mr Hassan wrote many plays. {playwright}
11-The 1988 Noble Prize for literature went to Naguib Mahfouz. {awarded}
12-He wrote a book that was given the name of “ Education in Egypt ”. {entitled}
13-The government built huge factories in the New Valley . {huge factories}
14-People considered it wrong for women to take part in public life . { It was …. }
15-Some beautiful poetry was written by Dr Aisha. {Dr Aisha}
16-People admired Dr Aisha for her courage. {by}
17-You should take the medicine three times a day. {supposed}
18-You ought to walk on the pavement. {supposed to}
19-The newspaper Al Ahram published Dr Aish’s articles. {were}
20-I haven’t seen her since we were in Tanta . {I last …. }
21-It is believed that the film is very good . {supposed}
22-I am accustomed to getting up late in the morning. {am used}
23-I should have phoned my sister . {supposed to}
24-He turned right instead of turning left. {supposed}
25-She usually gets up late in the morning. {is used} {2002/2004}
26-It is midnight ! You shouldn’t be doing your homework now. {supposed} {2005}
27You mustn’t talk during the test. {supposed} {June 2006}
WORKSHEET
Choose the correct answer a, b, c or d:
1-Everyone is responsible……….his fate.
a} with b} to c} of d} for
2-Dr Aisha was famous……….her masterworks on religion.
a} of b} for c} by d} with
3-She was………..of the Arabic Department at Ain Shams University.
a} chairman b} boss c} chief d} chairperson
4-Dr Aisha………..a BA in 1939.
a} awards b} awarded c} was awarded d} is awarded
5-Naguib Mahfouz’s books are still………..today.
a} reading b} to read c} be read d} read
6-The child was…………..under the care of his uncle.
a} brought up b} educated c} breeding d} promoted
7-My father………..to London lately.
a} is b} will c} is being d} has been
8-Toshka project……….out to cause prosperity.
a} is carrying b} is being carried c} will carry d} would carry
9-Dr Aisha expressed her ideas in a…………of short stories.
a} collect b} collections c} collection d} collective
10-Do you know what………..does he aim at ?
a} other b} another c} also d} else
11-Dr Aisha’s articles…………in the newspaper, “Al-Ahram”.
a} publish b} published c} had published d} were published
12-The teacher says he………..to be in class now.
a} supposes b} is supposed c} was supposed d} supposed
13-You’re not supposed to park here. This means you’re………..to park here.
a} allowed b} let c} forbidden d} free
14-A………….students are absent today.
a} few b} lot c} great deal d} little
15-I’ll go to London during the school……….. .
a} vaccination b} vacation c} relation d} promotion
Summary of the lesson
Dr Aisha Abdel Rahman was born on the 6th of November, 1913 in Damietta. Her father was against the education of women. Although her mother was illiterate, she together with her grandfather persuaded her father to allow her to go to pre-school in Damietta in 1918, at the age of five. She was very successful at school.
She studied Arabic language and literature at Cairo University where she was awarded
her BA in 1939. She joined the teaching staff as a research assistant and completed her PhD in 1951. She wrote under the pen name of Bint El-Shatei which refers to her birth place in Damietta and as a sign of respect for her father. At the time it wasn't allowed for women to write in press or to take part in public life.
Her father was a well known Sheikh and she used to go with him to religious meetings. Thus religion was the subject of fifteen of her books. She wrote her masterworks on religion including The Prophet’s Mother, The Prophet’s Wives and The Prophet’s Daughters and short stories entitled “Pictures of their lives” in which she described how women overcame traditional restrictions.
Dr Aisha was a brave promoter of women's rights and argued powerfully for women's rights till they took their place in modern society. She became a chairperson of the Arabic department
at Ain Shams university. She was also a visiting professor at Khartoum university. Dr Aisha had
been a witness to the age, because of the events that took place in her life time
life الحياة بصفة عامة
the life of حياة شخص معين او حيوان معين
a life نوع من الحياة
She has no hope in life.
The life of this animal is in danger.
She leads an easy life.
He leads a sad life.
He leads a life of misery.
Idioms and Expressions
As a sign of respect o كدليل على الاحترام
A courageous promoter o مؤيد بشجاعة أدبية
Male dominated society o مجتمع يسيطر عليه الرجال
At the age of o فى عمر
Under the pen name of o تحت اسم مستعار
Successful at o ناجح فى
Traditional restrictions o القيود التقليدية
Hold may / several posts o تقلد مناصب عديدة
A witness to the age o شاهد على العصر
Concerned to spread the truth o مهتم بنشر الحقيقة
Take up much time o يستغرق وقتا
Academic qualifications o مؤهلات أكاديمية
Advocating the rights of women o يؤيد حقوق المرآة
Promoting women's rights o يساند حقوق المرآة
Current affairs o القضايا المعاصرة
Leading Egyptian diplomat o دبلوماسي مصري بارز
Spoke out against prejudice o تناهض التحيز
Respectful for o محترم ل
The past simple tense
يستخدم للتعبير عن حدث بدا وانتهى فى وقت محدد من الماضي.
التكوين: من الفعل فى المصدر مضافا إليه d/ed بالنسبة للأفعال القياسية أو من الفعل فى
التصريف الثاني بالنسبة للأفعال الشاذة.
الكلمات الدالة:
yesterday
ago
last …
once upon a time
the other day
for … أمس
منذ
الماضى
يحكي أن ..
اليوم الماضى
لمده once
in the past
in { ماضى عام}
from … to …
in the ancient times ذات مرة
فى الماضى
فى ……
من.. الي...
في الماضي
ملاحظات هجائية:-
يضاعف الحرف الأخير إذا وجد قبله حرف متحرك stop stopped
تحول y إلي ied إذا وجد قبلها حرف ساكن carry carried
Rehab travelled to Alex last year. {negative}
……………………………………………………………………………
I haven’t seen Ahmed since I was in Alex. {I last}
I last …………………………………I was in Alex.
I have learned English for ten years {ago}
……………………………………………………………………………
I have been studying English for two years. {ago}
……………………………………… …..two years ago .
When did you get your diploma ? {How long}
How long …………………… you get your diploma ?
He started playing the guitar at 4 o'clock. now it is 6 o'clock. {ago}
……………………………………………………………………………
How long ago ……….. Shimaa?
a}have you visited b}did you visit c}had you visited d}would you visit
USED TO
Sفاعل Used to inf = Sفاعل No longer فعل فى زمن المضارع البسيط
تعبر عن عاده كانت تحدث فى الماضي و لم تعد تحدث ألان
It was her habit to travel a lot. {used to}
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
Doing exercises was my habit . {used to}
………………………………………………………………{no longer}
……………………………………………………………………………
When Hagar was young ,she went to the zoo so often. {used to}
………………………………………………………………{no longer}
……………………………………………………………………………
In the past, Rehab played tennis. {used to}
………………………………………………………………{no longer}
……………………………………………………………………………
She was a singer. {used to}
………………………………………………………………{no longer}
……………………………………………………………………………
Aia used to go to school by bus but now she goes there on foot . {no longer}
……………………………………………………………………………
He was in the habit of playing chess when he was young. {used to}
………………………………………………………………{no longer}
……………………………………………………………………………
لاحظ: no longer تسبق كل الأفعال فى اللغة الإنجليزية ما عدا verb to be
فاعل عاقل am/ is / are used to Ving معتاد على عادة من الماضي لازالت تتكرر إلى ألان
It is my habit to study late at night. {I'm}
……………………………………………………………………………
It is Noha's habit to spend her holidays in Alex. {is used to}
……………………………………………………………………………
She usually gets up late. ث ع 2003 {is used to}
……………………………………………………………………………
She usually gets up late in the morning. {is used to}
She is used to ……………………………………………………………..
Oil is used to ……………. Cars. ث ع 1997/ 2004
a} run b}ran c}runs d} running
لاحظ: تلغى القاعدة السابقة طالما الفاعل غير عاقل
عند بناء جملة للمجهول فى زمن الماضي البسيط يراعى الاتى:
الفاعل الجديد Was / were p.p By+الفاعل القديم إذا كان عاقلا
1-The thief broke into my house . {The house}
My house …………………………………………………………………
2-John Barid invented the television . {by}
……………………………………………………………………………
3-He didn’t invite her to the party . {wasn’t}
…………………………to the party.
4-Dr Aisha got her BA in 1939 . {awarded}
Dr Aisha …………………………………………………………………
5-Poverty drove them into a life of distress . {They}
They …………………………………………………a life of distress .
6- Dr Aisha ’s father took her to religious meetings. {was}
…………………………………………to religious meetings .
7-The house wasn’t painted by him. {He …}
He ………………………………………………………
8-The pen name “Bint El Shatei ’’ was taken by Dr Aisha as a sign of respect.
Dr Aisha ……….…………………………………. as a sign of respect
9-It was considered unnecessary to educate women. {People .. }
People …………………………………… to educate women
^^^^ Advice ^^^^
I advise you to + inf = S Should
Ought to inf
It's advisable for you to + inf
You 'd better + inf
You 'd rather + inf
It's a good idea for you to + inf
If I were you. I would' + inf
It 's a good idea for us to overcome all hardships. {we}
should inf للنصح والإرشاد
ought to
……………………………………………………………………………
am/is/are supposed to inf
……………………………………………………………………………
I advise Rehab to study hard. {should / supposed to}
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
It's advisable for you to double your efforts. {should / supposed to}
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
Should I call you tonight? {supposed to}
……………………………………………………………………………
You should spend more time on your studies . {supposed}
You……………………………more time on your studies
You aren’t supposed to park in this place . {shouldn’t}
………………………………………park in this place.
You ought to take as much exercise as you can . {supposed}
………………………………….. as much exercise as you can.
It is midnight ! You shouldn’t be doing your homework now . {supposed}
It is midnight ! You …………………………………………..
You mustn’t miss any school this year. {supposed to}
……………..……………………………any school this year.
Blaming اللوم Should have + p.p
Noha was ill. I should have visited here ,but I was so busy
كان من المستحسن ولكنه لم يحدث
Shouldn't have + p.p
Nabila : Khaled didn't pass his exams.
Hadeer : Khaled shouldn't have played.
لم يكن من المستحسن ولكنه حدث
Maha slept without putting off the lights. {should / shouldn't}
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
Should / ought to have P.P
Was/ were supposed to inf
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
Dina travelled without saying goodbye . {shouldn't / should / supposed}
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
I was supposed to study yesterday evening but I was tired . {ought to have/ supposed}
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
It was believed he was the murderer . {supposed}
……………………………………………………………………………
He was supposed to arrive last night, but he didn’t. {should}
……………………………………………………………………………
I really regret ever starting that business . {supposed}
……………………………………………………………………………
You weren't supposed to phone me at a late hour of the night. {shouldn't} 2006
……………………………………………………………………………
^^^
SUFFIXES
اللواحق:حرف أو مجموعة من الحروف توضع اخرالكلمة لتغير معناها
Suffixes which make a word into a noun
Suffix Example word meaning
Acy Democracy Government by democratically elected representatives of the people
Ion Communication the exchange of information or ideas
ment Agreement An opinion shared between two or more people
Suffixes which make a word into an adjective
Suffix Example word meaning
Able Comfortable Adjective from the non comfort
Al Biological To do with biology
En Wooden Made of wood
Ful Wonderful Full of wonder
Ious Ambitious To have plans for the future
Ous Dangerous Not safe
Ive Effective Having an effect
Less Useless Without a use
ical Economical Not wasteful
Suffixes which make a word into a verb
Suffix Example word meaning
Ize Realize يدرك To notice and understand something
Ify Falsify يزوَر To make something false
en Shorten يقصَر To make short
Exercises
Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets :
1-Shakespeare wrote Hamlet. {by}
2-I have learned English for ten years {ago}
3-Don’t look directly at the sun. {shouldn't}
4-He isn’t supposed to telephone them now . {shouldn’t}
5-What do you think about mobile phones ? {opinion }
6-The parcel wasn't delivered yesterday . {The postman}
7-The referee cancelled the match because of the heavy rain. {was}
8-Somebody accused him of stealing the car . {He}
9-I haven’t phoned him since last week . {ago}
10-Mr Hassan wrote many plays. {playwright}
11-The 1988 Noble Prize for literature went to Naguib Mahfouz. {awarded}
12-He wrote a book that was given the name of “ Education in Egypt ”. {entitled}
13-The government built huge factories in the New Valley . {huge factories}
14-People considered it wrong for women to take part in public life . { It was …. }
15-Some beautiful poetry was written by Dr Aisha. {Dr Aisha}
16-People admired Dr Aisha for her courage. {by}
17-You should take the medicine three times a day. {supposed}
18-You ought to walk on the pavement. {supposed to}
19-The newspaper Al Ahram published Dr Aish’s articles. {were}
20-I haven’t seen her since we were in Tanta . {I last …. }
21-It is believed that the film is very good . {supposed}
22-I am accustomed to getting up late in the morning. {am used}
23-I should have phoned my sister . {supposed to}
24-He turned right instead of turning left. {supposed}
25-She usually gets up late in the morning. {is used} {2002/2004}
26-It is midnight ! You shouldn’t be doing your homework now. {supposed} {2005}
27You mustn’t talk during the test. {supposed} {June 2006}
WORKSHEET
Choose the correct answer a, b, c or d:
1-Everyone is responsible……….his fate.
a} with b} to c} of d} for
2-Dr Aisha was famous……….her masterworks on religion.
a} of b} for c} by d} with
3-She was………..of the Arabic Department at Ain Shams University.
a} chairman b} boss c} chief d} chairperson
4-Dr Aisha………..a BA in 1939.
a} awards b} awarded c} was awarded d} is awarded
5-Naguib Mahfouz’s books are still………..today.
a} reading b} to read c} be read d} read
6-The child was…………..under the care of his uncle.
a} brought up b} educated c} breeding d} promoted
7-My father………..to London lately.
a} is b} will c} is being d} has been
8-Toshka project……….out to cause prosperity.
a} is carrying b} is being carried c} will carry d} would carry
9-Dr Aisha expressed her ideas in a…………of short stories.
a} collect b} collections c} collection d} collective
10-Do you know what………..does he aim at ?
a} other b} another c} also d} else
11-Dr Aisha’s articles…………in the newspaper, “Al-Ahram”.
a} publish b} published c} had published d} were published
12-The teacher says he………..to be in class now.
a} supposes b} is supposed c} was supposed d} supposed
13-You’re not supposed to park here. This means you’re………..to park here.
a} allowed b} let c} forbidden d} free
14-A………….students are absent today.
a} few b} lot c} great deal d} little
15-I’ll go to London during the school……….. .
a} vaccination b} vacation c} relation d} promotion