osama_mma14
20-04-2011, 12:40 AM
اسهامات علماء المسلمين فى الحضاره المعاصره
فى نقاش مع بعض الادعياء من الملاحده وادعياء العلمانيه
ادعى البعض ان الاءسلام ليس له عطاء حضارى واستند فى ذلك الى مقوله منكره
لاحد ادعياء العلم من العلمانيين الذى قرر انه لا فضل للحضاره الاءسلاميه على الغرب
وان علماء مسلمين كالفخر الرازى وابن سينا وابن رشد وغيرهم لم يكونوا عربا ولا مسلمين
وكنت قد عددت لعدد كبير من علماء المسلمين واسهامتهم فى الحضاره الاءنسانيه والمعاصره
فادعى انها اقوال مرسله لا دليل عليها فذكرت عشرات الادله والاكتشافات العلميه كامثله فانكرها وادعى ان بعضهم من الملاحده كما سبق وهاهى روابط لبعض الدرسات والبحوث من اكبر واشهر الجامعات الغربيه تؤكد صدق ما قررته وبعد استعراضها
ساضع تفاصيل هذا النقاش لمن اراد الاطلاع على ذلك الفكر وتلك الاباطيل التى يروجها الملاحده والادعياء
نقلا عن الصهاينه
http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%...84%D8%A7%D9%85 (http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0% D9%87%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D 8%A7%D9%85)
رابط عن العطاء الحضارى للاءسلام وعلماؤه فى مختلف المجالات حتى القرن الخامس عشر
كيف غير علماء المسلمون وجه العالم
ترجمه لمقال منشور بجريده الاندبندنت البريطانيه بتاريخ 20مارس 2006
بعنوان كيف غير المخترعون المسلمون وجه العالم
How Islamic inventors changed the world
ورابطه
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/sc...ld-469452.html (http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-islamic-inventors-changed-the-world-469452.html)
بل ويوجد بحث لجامعه مانشستر عن اسهامات علماء المسلمين فى الحضاره المعاصره
ويعرض لالف وواحد اختراع اسلامى ساهم فى بناء الحضاره المعاصره وهى معروضه فى متحف العلوم بمانشستر ويمكن الاطلاع عليه من خلال الرابط
http://www.1001inventions.com/exhibition
رابط اخر يعرض تفصيليا اسهامات الحضاره الاءسلاميه فى مختلف المجالات
وفيه عرضا تفصيليا لاءسهامات علماء المسلمين فى الحضاره الحديثه ويعرض لاهم 1001 اختراع اسلامى غير وجه العالم
http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics...?articleID=835 (http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?articleID=835)
رابط عن الحضاره الاءسلاميه من القرن السابع الى القرن لرابع عشر بى بى سى وثائقيه
http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religi.../spain_1.shtml (http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/spain_1.shtml)
كيف غير المخترعون المسلمون وجه العالم؟
ملفات متنوعة
: المقال مترجم من صحيفة الإندبندنت البريطانية بتاريخ 20 مارس 2006
من القهوة مروراً بنظام الثلاث وجبات اليومي وحتى الشيكات, أعطانا العالم الإسلامي العديد من الإبتكارات التي لا غنى عن إستعمالها في حياتنا اليومية الآن. يذكر كاتب الموضوع باول فاليللي أكثر 20 ابتكارا تأثيراً على العالم، ويعرفنا بالعباقرة الذين كانوا وراء هذه الابتكارات.
1- تقول القصة أن هناك عربي يدعى خالد، كان يعتني ببعض الماعز في منطقة "كافا" بجنوب أثيوبيا, عندما لاحظ أن حيواناته أصبحت أكثر نشاطاً حينما تأكل التوت, فقام بغلي التوت ليصنع أول فنجان من القهوة! ومن المؤكد أن أول مرة خرج فيها مشروب القهوة إلى خارج أثيوبيا كان إلى اليمن، حيث شربها "صفي" كي يظل يقظاً طوال الليل ليصلي في مناسبة خاصة.
في أواخر القرن الخامس عشر وصلت القهوة إلى مكة وتركيا، التي منها وصلت إلى فينسيا في عام 1645م، ثم إلى انجلترا بعد خمس سنوات في 1650، بواسطة تركي يدعى "باسكوا روسي" الذي فتح أول "محل قهوة" في شارع لومبارد بمدينة لندن. القهوة العربية صارت بعد ذلك تركية.. ثم إيطالية وإنجليزية!
2- قدماء اليونانيون ظنوا أن أعيننا تُخرِج أشعة مثل الليزر، والتي تجعلنا قادرين على الرؤية, أول شخص لاحظ أن الضوء يدخل إلى العين ولا يخرج منها كان في عالم رياضي وفيزيائي وفلكي مسلم, وهو الحسن بن الهيثم. حيث إكتشف أن الإبصار يحدث بسبب سقوط الإشعة من الضوء على الجسم المرئي، مما يمكن للعين أن تراه. ولكن العين لا تخرج أشعة من نفسها، وإلا كيف لا ترى العين في الظلام؟
واكتشف ابن الهيثم ظاهرة انعكاس الضوء، وظاهرة انعطاف الضوء أي انحراف الصورة عن مكانها في حال مرور الأشعة الضوئية في وسط معين إلى وسط غير متجانس معه. كما اكتشف أن الانعطاف يكون معدوماً إذا مرت الأشعة الضوئية وفقاً لزاوية قائمة من وسط إلى وسط آخر غير متجانس معه, ووضع ابن الهيثم بحوثاً في ما يتعلق بتكبير العدسات، وبذلك مهّد لاستعمال العدسات المتنوعة في معالجة عيوب العين, ويعتبر الحسن بن الهيثم أول من انتقل بالفيزياء من المرحلة الفلسفية للمرحلة العملية [ from a philosophical activity to an experimental one ].
3- كان هناك أحد أشكال لعبة الشطرنج في الهند القديمة, لكن اللعبة طورت إلى الطريقة التي نعرفها الآن في بلاد فارس (إيران), من هناك انتشرت اللعبة غرباً إلى أوروبا، حيث قدّمها المغاربة في أسبانيا في القرن العاشر الميلادي, وانتشرت شرقاً إلى اليابان.. تستعمل في الغرب كلمة rook لطابية الشطرنج كما نعرفها، ويعود اصل هذه الكلمة إلى كلمة "رُخ" العربية.
4- قبل آلاف السنوات من تجربة الأخوان رايت في بريطانيا للطيران. كان هناك شاعر وفلكي وموسيقي ومهندس مسلم يدعى "عباس بن فرناس"، قام بمحاولات عديدة لإنشاء آلة طيران. في عام 825 قفر من أعلى مئذنة الجامع الكبير في قرطبة مستخدماً عباءة صلبة غير محكمة مدعمة بقوائم خشبية, كان يأمل أن أن يحلق كالطيور..
لم يفلح في هذا، ولكن العباءة قللت من سرعة هبوطه، مكوّنة ما يمكن أن نمسيه أول "باراشوت" وخرج من هذه التجربة فقط بجروح بسيطة.
في 875، حين كان عمره 70 عاماً، قام بتطوير ماكينة من الحرير وريش النسور ثم حاول مرة أخرى بالقفز من أعلى جبل هذه المرة, وصل هذه المرة إلى ارتفاع عال.. وظل طائراً لمدة عشر دقائق، لكنه تحطم في الهبوط! كان ذلك بسبب عدم وضع "ذيل" للجهاز الذي ابتكره كي يتمكن من الهبوط بطريقة صحيحة.
مطار بغداد الدولي وفوهة أحد البراكين في المغرب تم تسميتهما على اسمه.
5- الإغتسال والنظافة متطلبات دينية لدى المسلمين, ربما كان هذا السبب في أنهم طوّروا شكل الصابون إلى الشكل الذي مازلنا نستخدمه الآن!
قدماء المصريين كان عندهم أحد أنواع الصابون، تماماً مثل الرومان الذين استخدموها غالبا كـمرهم! لكنهم كانوا -العرب- هم من جمعوا بين زيوت النباتات وهيدروكسيد الصوديوم والمواد الأروماتية مثل الـ "thyme oil".
كان أحد أكثر خصائص الصليبيين غرابة بالنسبة للمسلمين كانت أنهم لا يغتسلون!
الشامبو قدم في انجلترا لأول مرة، حينما قام أحد المسلمين بفتح أحد محلات الاستحمام بالبخار في "بريتون سيفرونت" في عام 1759.
6- التقطير ووسائل فصل السوائل من خلال الاختلافات في درجة غليانها, أخترعت في حوالي العام 800 م، بواسطة العالم المسلم الكبير "جابر بن حيان", الذي قام بتحويل "الخيمياء" أو "الكيمياء القديمة" إلى "الكيمياء الحديثة" كما نعرفها الآن، مخترعاً العديد من العديد من العمليات الأساسية والأدوات التي لانزال نستخدمها حتى الآن.
السيولة, والتبلور, والتقطير, والتنقية, والأكسدة, والتبخير والترشيح، جنباً إلى جنب مع اكتشاف الكبريت وحمض النيتريك, اخترع جابر بن حيان أمبيق التقطير -تستخدم الانجليزية لفظ alembic وهو مشتق من لفظ "إمبيق" العربي-، وهو آلة تستخدم في عملية التقطير، مقدماً للعالم العطور وبعض المشروبات الكحولية. ويذكر الكاتب أن ذلك حرام في الإسلام, استخدم ابن حيان التجربة المنظمة ويعتبر مكتشف الكيمياء الحديثة.
7- المضخة جهاز عبارة عن آلة من المعدن تدار بقوة الريح أو بواسطة حيوان يدور بحركة دائرية، وكان الهدف منها أن ترفع المياه من الآبار العميقة إلى سطح الأرض، وكذلك كانت تستعمل في رفع المياه من منسوب النهر إذا كان منخفضاً إلى الأماكن العليا. صنعت بواسطة مهندس مسلم بارع يسمى "الجزري".
هذه المضخة هي الفكرة الرئيسية التي بنيت عليها جميع المضخات المتطورة في عصرنا الحاضر، والمحركات الآلية كلها ابتداء من المحرك البخاري الذي في القطار أو البواخر إلى محرك الاحتراق الداخلي الذي يعمل بالبنزين كما في السيارة والطائرة..
ويعتبر "الجزري" هو الأب الروحي لعلم الـ robotics والخاص بتصنيع الـrobots كما نعرفها اليوم.
من ضمن إختراعاته الخمسين الأخرى كان الـ" combination lock" وهي التي نراها اليوم في طريقة قفل بعض الحقائب والخزانات باستخدام بعض الأرقام بجوار بعضها مكونة شفرة.
8- وضع طبقة من مادة أخرى بين طبقتين من القماش، تعتبر أحدى طرق الخياطة وغير معروف إذا كانت ابتكرت في العالم الإسلامي أم انها قد نشأت أولاً في الهند أو الصين, ولكن من المؤكد أنها وصلت للغرب من خلال الصليبيين، عندما رأوا بعض المحاربين المسلمين يرتدون قمصانا مصنوعة بهذه الطريقة بدلاً من الدروع، والتي كانت مفيدة جداً كوسيلة للحماية من أسلحة الصليبيين المعدنية؛ حيث كونت نوع من أنواع الحماية لهم. وهي تعتبر أول "قميص واقي من الرصاص" في العالم.
استخدم الغرب هذه الطريقة فيما بعد للوقاية من برودة الجو في دول مثل بريطانيا وهولندا..
9- تعد الأقواس مستدقة الطرف من أهم الخصائص المعمارية التي تميز كاتدرائيات أوروبا القوطية, فكرة هذه الأقواس ابتكرها المعماريون المسلمون. وهي أقوى بكثير من الأقواس مستديرة الطرف والتي كان يستخدمها الرومان والنورمانيون, لأنها تساعدك على أن يكون البناء أكبر وأعلى وأكثر تعقيداً.
.
http://indepdev.122.2O7.net/b/ss/indepdev/1/H.19.3--NS/0?[AQB]&cdp=3&[AQE]&pageName=news/science/article469452 (http://www.omniture.com)
http://www.independent.co.uk/independent.co.uk/images/logo-london.png (http://www.independent.co.uk/)
Skip Links
Headlines
Facebook
Follow The Independent on Facebook (http://www.facebook.com/TheIndependentOnline) | http://www.independent.co.uk/multimedia/dynamic/00347/facebook-teaser-2_347890e.jpg (http://www.facebook.com/TheIndependentOnline)
Navigatio
How Islamic inventors changed the world
From coffee to cheques and the three-course meal, the Muslim world has given us many innovations that we take for granted in daily life. As a new exhibition opens, Paul Vallely nominates 20 of the most influential- and identifies the men of genius behind them
Saturday, 11 March 2006
Share (http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-islamic-inventors-changed-the-world-469452.html#) http://www.independent.co.uk/independent.co.uk/images/share-links-logo.jpg Close
http://www.independent.co.uk/independent.co.uk/images/bm-digg-icon.gifDigg (http://digg.com/submit?phase=2&url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-islamic-inventors-changed-the-world-469452.html&title=How%20Islamic%20inventors%20changed%20the%20 world%20-%20Science%20-%20Independent.co.uk)
http://www.independent.co.uk/independent.co.uk/images/bm-delicious-icon.gifdel.icio.us (http://del.icio.us/post?url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-islamic-inventors-changed-the-world-469452.html&title=How%20Islamic%20inventors%20changed%20the%20 world%20-%20Science%20-%20Independent.co.uk)
http://www.independent.co.uk/independent.co.uk/images/bm-facebook-icon.gifFacebook (http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-islamic-inventors-changed-the-world-469452.html)
http://www.independent.co.uk/independent.co.uk/images/bm-reddit-icon.gifReddit (http://reddit.independent.co.uk/submit?url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-islamic-inventors-changed-the-world-469452.html&title=How%20Islamic%20inventors%20changed%20the%20 world%20-%20Science%20-%20Independent.co.uk)
http://www.independent.co.uk/independent.co.uk/images/bm-google-icon.gifGoogle (http://www.google.com/bookmarks/mark?op=add&bkmk=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-islamic-inventors-changed-the-world-469452.html&title=How%20Islamic%20inventors%20changed%20the%20 world%20-%20Science%20-%20Independent.co.uk)
http://www.independent.co.uk/independent.co.uk/images/bm-stumble-icon.gifStumble Upon (http://www.stumbleupon.com/submit?url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-islamic-inventors-changed-the-world-469452.html&title=How%20Islamic%20inventors%20changed%20the%20 world%20-%20Science%20-%20Independent.co.uk)
http://www.independent.co.uk/independent.co.uk/images/bm-fark-icon.gifFark (http://cgi.fark.com/cgi/fark/submit.pl?url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-islamic-inventors-changed-the-world-469452.html&title=How%20Islamic%20inventors%20changed%20the%20 world%20-%20Science%20-%20Independent.co.uk)
http://www.independent.co.uk/independent.co.uk/images/bm-newsvine-icon.gifNewsvine (http://www.newsvine.com/_tools/seed&save?u=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-islamic-inventors-changed-the-world-469452.html&title=How%20Islamic%20inventors%20changed%20the%20 world%20-%20Science%20-%20Independent.co.uk)
http://www.independent.co.uk/independent.co.uk/images/bm-yahoobuzz-icon.gifYahooBuzz (http://uk.buzz.yahoo.com/buzz?publisherurn=theindepende_417&targetUrl=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-islamic-inventors-changed-the-world-469452.html&title=How%20Islamic%20inventors%20changed%20the%20 world%20-%20Science%20-%20Independent.co.uk)
http://www.independent.co.uk/independent.co.uk/images/bm-bebo-icon.gifBebo (http://www.bebo.com/c/share?Url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-islamic-inventors-changed-the-world-469452.html&title=How%20Islamic%20inventors%20changed%20the%20 world%20-%20Science%20-%20Independent.co.uk)
http://www.independent.co.uk/independent.co.uk/images/bm-twitter-icon.gifTwitter (http://twitter.com/home?status=How%20Islamic%20inventors%20changed%20 the%20world%20http://www.independent.co.uk/news/a469452.html)
Print (http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-islamic-inventors-changed-the-world-469452.html?service=Print)
Email (http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-islamic-inventors-changed-the-world-469452.html?action=Email)
Text Size
Normal (http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-islamic-inventors-changed-the-world-469452.html#font-normal)
Large (http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-islamic-inventors-changed-the-world-469452.html#font-large)
Extra Large (http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-islamic-inventors-changed-the-world-469452.html#font-xlarge)
.firstcolumn { border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(125, 112, 77); font-family: verdana; font-size: 11px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin-bottom: 10px; }.firstcolumn div { padding-left: 2px; }.firstcolumn .title { font-size: 13px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 2px; color: rgb(125, 112, 77); font-weight: bold; text-transform: uppercase; }.firstcolumn .title a { color: rgb(125, 112, 77); }.firstcolumn .description { font-size: 11px; }.firstcolumn .thumbnail { border: 0px none ; float: left; margin-right: 5px; }.firstcolumn .commercialpromo { border-top: 5px solid rgb(206, 182, 105); margin-bottom: 10px; }.firstcolumn .clear { overflow: hidden; clear: both; height: 1px; }.firstcolumn .mainheading { border-top: 5px solid rgb(125, 112, 77); margin-bottom: 0px; }.firstcolumn .mainheading .title { margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; }.firstcolumn a { color: rgb(18, 85, 129); text-decoration: none; }.firstcolumn a:hover { color: rgb(18, 85, 129); text-decoration: underline; }.firstcolumn a:visited { color: rgb(18, 85, 129); }.firstcolumn .dotted { background-image: url(http://www.independent.co.uk/multimedia/archive/00027/dots_27496a.gif); (http://www.independent.co.uk/multimedia/archive/00027/dots_27496a.gif%29;) background-repeat: repeat-x; background-position: center bottom; padding-bottom: 4px; }.firstcolumn .yh { font-weight: bold; }.clearbutton { overflow: hidden; width: 100%; }.firstcolumn .yahoo { overflow: hidden; }.firstcolumn .yahoo ul { margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; list-style-type: none; }.firstcolumn .yahoo ul li { margin: 0px; float: left; width: 180px; list-style-type: none; padding-left: 20px; background-image: url(http://www.independent.co.uk/multimedia/archive/00027/bullet_27264a.gif); (http://www.independent.co.uk/multimedia/archive/00027/bullet_27264a.gif%29;) background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 5px 50%; font-weight: bold; }
1 The story goes that an Arab named Khalid was tending his goats in the Kaffa region of southern Ethiopia, when he noticed his animals became livelier after eating a certain berry. He boiled the berries to make the first coffee. Certainly the first record of the drink is of beans exported from Ethiopia to Yemen where Sufis drank it to stay awake all night to pray on special occasions. By the late 15th century it had arrived in Mecca and Turkey from where it made its way to Venice in 1645. It was brought to England in 1650 by a Turk named Pasqua Rosee who opened the first coffee house in Lombard Street in the City of London. The Arabic qahwa became the Turkish kahve then the Italian caffé and then English coffee.
2 The ancient Greeks thought our eyes emitted rays, like a laser, which enabled us to see. The first person to realise that light enters the eye, rather than leaving it, was the 10th-century Muslim mathematician, astronomer and physicist Ibn al-Haitham. He invented the first pin-hole camera after noticing the way light came through a hole in window shutters. The smaller the hole, the better the picture, he worked out, and set up the first Camera Obscura (from the Arab word qamara for a dark or private room). He is also credited with being the first man to shift physics from a philosophical activity to an experimental one.
3 A form of chess was played in ancient India but the game was developed into the form we know it today in Persia. From there it spread westward to Europe - where it was introduced by the Moors in Spain in the 10th century - and eastward as far as Japan. The word rook comes from the Persian rukh, which means chariot.
4 A thousand years before the Wright brothers a Muslim poet, astronomer, musician and engineer named Abbas ibn Firnas made several attempts to construct a flying machine. In 852 he jumped from the minaret of the Grand Mosque in Cordoba using a loose cloak stiffened with wooden struts. He hoped to glide like a bird. He didn't. But the cloak slowed his fall, creating what is thought to be the first parachute, and leaving him with only minor injuries. In 875, aged 70, having perfected a machine of silk and eagles' feathers he tried again, jumping from a mountain. He flew to a significant height and stayed aloft for ten minutes but crashed on landing - concluding, correctly, that it was because he had not given his device a tail so it would stall on landing. Baghdad international airport and a crater on the Moon are named after him.
5 Washing and bathing are religious requirements for Muslims, which is perhaps why they perfected the recipe for soap which we still use today. The ancient Egyptians had soap of a kind, as did the Romans who used it more as a pomade. But it was the Arabs who combined vegetable oils with sodium hydroxide and aromatics such as thyme oil. One of the Crusaders' most striking characteristics, to Arab nostrils, was that they did not wash. Shampoo was introduced to England by a Muslim who opened Mahomed's Indian Vapour Baths on Brighton seafront in 1759 and was appointed Shampooing Surgeon to Kings George IV and William IV.
6 Distillation, the means of separating liquids through differences in their boiling points, was invented around the year 800 by Islam's foremost scientist, Jabir ibn Hayyan, who transformed alchemy into chemistry, inventing many of the basic processes and apparatus still in use today - liquefaction, crystallisation, distillation, purification, oxidisation, evaporation and filtration. As well as discovering sulphuric and nitric acid, he invented the alembic still, giving the world intense rosewater and other perfumes and alcoholic spirits (although drinking them is haram, or forbidden, in Islam). Ibn Hayyan emphasised systematic experimentation and was the founder of modern chemistry.
7 The crank-shaft is a device which translates rotary into linear motion and is central to much of the machinery in the modern world, not least the internal combustion engine. One of the most important mechanical inventions in the history of humankind, it was created by an ingenious Muslim engineer called al-Jazari to raise water for irrigation. His 1206 Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices shows he also invented or refined the use of valves and pistons, devised some of the first mechanical clocks driven by water and weights, and was the father of robotics. Among his 50 other inventions was the combination lock.
8 Quilting is a method of sewing or tying two layers of cloth with a layer of insulating material in between. It is not clear whether it was invented in the Muslim world or whether it was imported there from India or China. But it certainly came to the West via the Crusaders. They saw it used by Saracen warriors, who wore straw-filled quilted canvas shirts instead of armour. As well as a form of protection, it proved an effective guard against the chafing of the Crusaders' metal armour and was an effective form of insulation - so much so that it became a cottage industry back home in colder climates such as Britain and Holland.
9 The pointed arch so characteristic of Europe's Gothic cathedrals was an invention borrowed from Islamic architecture. It was much stronger than the rounded arch used by the Romans and Normans, thus allowing the building of bigger, higher, more complex and grander buildings. Other borrowings from Muslim genius included ribbed vaulting, rose windows and dome-building techniques. Europe's castles were also adapted to copy the Islamic world's - with arrow slits, battlements, a barbican and parapets. Square towers and keeps gave way to more easily defended round ones. Henry V's castle architect was a Muslim.
10 Many modern surgical instruments are of exactly the same design as those devised in the 10th century by a Muslim surgeon called al-Zahrawi. His scalpels, bone saws, forceps, fine scissors for eye surgery and many of the 200 instruments he devised are recognisable to a modern surgeon. It was he who discovered that catgut used for internal stitches dissolves away naturally (a discovery he made when his monkey ate his lute strings) and that it can be also used to make medicine capsules. In the 13th century, another Muslim medic named Ibn Nafis described the circulation of the blood, 300 years before William Harvey discovered it. Muslims doctors also invented anaesthetics of opium and alcohol mixes and developed hollow needles to suck cataracts from eyes in a technique still used today.
11 The windmill was invented in 634 for a Persian caliph and was used to grind corn and draw up water for irrigation. In the vast deserts of Arabia, when the seasonal streams ran dry, the only source of power was the wind which blew steadily from one direction for months. Mills had six or 12 sails covered in fabric or palm leaves. It was 500 years before the first windmill was seen in Europe.
12 The technique of inoculation was not invented by Jenner and Pasteur but was devised in the Muslim world and brought to Europe from Turkey by the wife of the English ambassador to Istanbul in 1724. Children in Turkey were vaccinated with cowpox to fight the deadly smallpox at least 50 years before the West discovered it.
13 The fountain pen was invented for the Sultan of Egypt in 953 after he demanded a pen which would not stain his hands or clothes. It held ink in a reservoir and, as with modern pens, fed ink to the nib by a combination of gravity and capillary action.
14 The system of numbering in use all round the world is probably Indian in origin but the style of the numerals is Arabic and first appears in print in the work of the Muslim mathematicians al-Khwarizmi and al-Kindi around 825. Algebra was named after al-Khwarizmi's book, Al-Jabr wa-al-Muqabilah, much of whose contents are still in use. The work of Muslim maths scholars was imported into Europe 300 years later by the Italian mathematician Fibonacci. Algorithms and much of the theory of trigonometry came from the Muslim world. And Al-Kindi's discovery of frequency analysis rendered all the codes of the ancient world soluble and created the basis of modern cryptology.
15 Ali ibn Nafi, known by his nickname of Ziryab (Blackbird) came from Iraq to Cordoba in the 9th century and brought with him the concept of the three-course meal - soup, followed by fish or meat, then fruit and nuts. He also introduced crystal glasses (which had been invented after experiments with rock crystal by Abbas ibn Firnas - see No 4).
16 Carpets were regarded as part of Paradise by medieval Muslims, thanks to their advanced weaving techniques, new tinctures from Islamic chemistry and highly developed sense of pattern and arabesque which were the basis of Islam's non-representational art. In contrast, Europe's floors were distinctly earthly, not to say earthy, until Arabian and Persian carpets were introduced. In England, as Erasmus recorded, floors were "covered in rushes, occasionally renewed, but so imperfectly that the bottom layer is left undisturbed, sometimes for 20 years, harbouring expectoration, vomiting, the leakage of dogs and men, ale droppings, scraps of fish, and other abominations not fit to be mentioned". Carpets, unsurprisingly, caught on quickly.
17 The modern cheque comes from the Arabic saqq, a written vow to pay for goods when they were delivered, to avoid money having to be transported across dangerous terrain. In the 9th century, a Muslim businessman could cash a cheque in China drawn on his bank in Baghdad.
18 By the 9th century, many Muslim scholars took it for granted that the Earth was a sphere. The proof, said astronomer Ibn Hazm, "is that the Sun is always vertical to a particular spot on Earth". It was 500 years before that realisation dawned on Galileo. The calculations of Muslim astronomers were so accurate that in the 9th century they reckoned the Earth's circumference to be 40,253.4km - less than 200km out. The scholar al-Idrisi took a globe depicting the world to the court of King Roger of Sicily in 1139.
19 Though the Chinese invented saltpetre gunpowder, and used it in their fireworks, it was the Arabs who worked out that it could be purified using potassium nitrate for military use. Muslim incendiary devices terrified the Crusaders. By the 15th century they had invented both a rocket, which they called a "self-moving and combusting egg", and a torpedo - a self-propelled pear-shaped bomb with a spear at the front which impaled itself in enemy ships and then blew up.
20 Medieval Europe had kitchen and herb gardens, but it was the Arabs who developed the idea of the garden as a place of beauty and meditation. The first royal pleasure gardens in Europe were opened in 11th-century Muslim Spain. Flowers which originated in Muslim gardens include the carnation and the tulip.
"1001 Inventions: Discover the Muslim Heritage in Our World" is a new exhibition which began a nationwide tour this week. It is currently at the Science Museum in Manchester. For more information, go to www.1001inventions.com (http://www.1001inventions.com/).
digg
Sponsored Links
Ads by Google (http://www.google.com/url?ct=abg&q=https://www.google.com/adsense/support/bin/request.py%3Fcontact%3Dabg_afc%26url%3Dhttp://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-islamic-inventors-changed-the-world-469452.html%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dca-pub-5964551156905038%26adU%3Dwww.aldiwanonline.com%26a dT%3DMale%2B%2526amp%253B%2BFemale%2BMuslim%2Bname %26adU%3Dwww.almi.abdn.ac.uk%26adT%3DMA%2Bin%2BIsl amic%2BEducation%26adU%3Dwww.muslimconvertsnetwork .com%26adT%3DMuslim%2BConverts%26adU%3DMadeinandal usia.es/Arabic%26adT%3D99%2BNames%2Bof%2BAllah%26gl%3DEG&usg=AFQjCNFBUw7UUg1BVTbDCsLuHqBClUg2uQ)
Male & Female Muslim name (http://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=l&ai=BkKZmBg2uTdudI8en8AOU_5GGBN2_l5gC3a2mpivAjbcBwO 0aEAEYASDd6rEUKAQ4AFDcgKG5BGCzptGCnC6gAduD0tADsgEV d3d3LmluZGVwZW5kZW50LmNvLnVrugEJNzI4eDkwX2pzyAEB2g FdaHR0cDovL3d3dy5pbmRlcGVuZGVudC5jby51ay9uZXdzL3Nj aWVuY2UvaG93LWlzbGFtaWMtaW52ZW50b3JzLWNoYW5nZWQtdG hlLXdvcmxkLTQ2OTQ1Mi5odG1s4AECqQJCgZ607YiGPqgDAegD rgHoA-QG6APaA_UDAAAABPUDIAAAAA&num=1&sig=AGiWqtz2EGQOZHx667le7PdW-_kL55G7mw&client=ca-pub-5964551156905038&adurl=http://www.aldiwanonline.com/CategoryList.aspx%3FCategoryID%3D93)
Tips, avoided & recommended names
Meaning, background & reference
www.aldiwanonline.com (http://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=l&ai=BkKZmBg2uTdudI8en8AOU_5GGBN2_l5gC3a2mpivAjbcBwO 0aEAEYASDd6rEUKAQ4AFDcgKG5BGCzptGCnC6gAduD0tADsgEV d3d3LmluZGVwZW5kZW50LmNvLnVrugEJNzI4eDkwX2pzyAEB2g FdaHR0cDovL3d3dy5pbmRlcGVuZGVudC5jby51ay9uZXdzL3Nj aWVuY2UvaG93LWlzbGFtaWMtaW52ZW50b3JzLWNoYW5nZWQtdG hlLXdvcmxkLTQ2OTQ1Mi5odG1s4AECqQJCgZ607YiGPqgDAegD rgHoA-QG6APaA_UDAAAABPUDIAAAAA&num=1&sig=AGiWqtz2EGQOZHx667le7PdW-_kL55G7mw&client=ca-pub-5964551156905038&adurl=http://www.aldiwanonline.com/CategoryList.aspx%3FCategoryID%3D93)
MA in Islamic Education (http://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=L&ai=BbKnUBg2uTdudI8en8AOU_5GGBMK87pACwtaxxSXAjbcBoI 0GEAIYAiDd6rEUKAQ4AFCykO-b_f____8BYLOm0YKcLrIBFXd3dy5pbmRlcGVuZGVudC5jby51a 7oBCTcyOHg5MF9qc8gBAdoBXWh0dHA6Ly93d3cuaW5kZXBlbmR lbnQuY28udWsvbmV3cy9zY2llbmNlL2hvdy1pc2xhbWljLWlud mVudG9ycy1jaGFuZ2VkLXRoZS13b3JsZC00Njk0NTIuaHRtbOA BAoACAakCZBKCUWFeuz6oAwHoA64B6APkBugD2gP1AwAAAAT1A yAAAAA&num=2&sig=AGiWqtzcE4Fg0bcMB7GuKZMjZykRIKOVfg&client=ca-pub-5964551156905038&adurl=http://www.almi.abdn.ac.uk/programmes-courses/)
Al-Maktoum Institute, Dundee
رابط الخبر
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-islamic-inventors-changed-the-world-469452.html
فى نقاش مع بعض الادعياء من الملاحده وادعياء العلمانيه
ادعى البعض ان الاءسلام ليس له عطاء حضارى واستند فى ذلك الى مقوله منكره
لاحد ادعياء العلم من العلمانيين الذى قرر انه لا فضل للحضاره الاءسلاميه على الغرب
وان علماء مسلمين كالفخر الرازى وابن سينا وابن رشد وغيرهم لم يكونوا عربا ولا مسلمين
وكنت قد عددت لعدد كبير من علماء المسلمين واسهامتهم فى الحضاره الاءنسانيه والمعاصره
فادعى انها اقوال مرسله لا دليل عليها فذكرت عشرات الادله والاكتشافات العلميه كامثله فانكرها وادعى ان بعضهم من الملاحده كما سبق وهاهى روابط لبعض الدرسات والبحوث من اكبر واشهر الجامعات الغربيه تؤكد صدق ما قررته وبعد استعراضها
ساضع تفاصيل هذا النقاش لمن اراد الاطلاع على ذلك الفكر وتلك الاباطيل التى يروجها الملاحده والادعياء
نقلا عن الصهاينه
http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%...84%D8%A7%D9%85 (http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0% D9%87%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D 8%A7%D9%85)
رابط عن العطاء الحضارى للاءسلام وعلماؤه فى مختلف المجالات حتى القرن الخامس عشر
كيف غير علماء المسلمون وجه العالم
ترجمه لمقال منشور بجريده الاندبندنت البريطانيه بتاريخ 20مارس 2006
بعنوان كيف غير المخترعون المسلمون وجه العالم
How Islamic inventors changed the world
ورابطه
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/sc...ld-469452.html (http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-islamic-inventors-changed-the-world-469452.html)
بل ويوجد بحث لجامعه مانشستر عن اسهامات علماء المسلمين فى الحضاره المعاصره
ويعرض لالف وواحد اختراع اسلامى ساهم فى بناء الحضاره المعاصره وهى معروضه فى متحف العلوم بمانشستر ويمكن الاطلاع عليه من خلال الرابط
http://www.1001inventions.com/exhibition
رابط اخر يعرض تفصيليا اسهامات الحضاره الاءسلاميه فى مختلف المجالات
وفيه عرضا تفصيليا لاءسهامات علماء المسلمين فى الحضاره الحديثه ويعرض لاهم 1001 اختراع اسلامى غير وجه العالم
http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics...?articleID=835 (http://www.muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?articleID=835)
رابط عن الحضاره الاءسلاميه من القرن السابع الى القرن لرابع عشر بى بى سى وثائقيه
http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religi.../spain_1.shtml (http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/spain_1.shtml)
كيف غير المخترعون المسلمون وجه العالم؟
ملفات متنوعة
: المقال مترجم من صحيفة الإندبندنت البريطانية بتاريخ 20 مارس 2006
من القهوة مروراً بنظام الثلاث وجبات اليومي وحتى الشيكات, أعطانا العالم الإسلامي العديد من الإبتكارات التي لا غنى عن إستعمالها في حياتنا اليومية الآن. يذكر كاتب الموضوع باول فاليللي أكثر 20 ابتكارا تأثيراً على العالم، ويعرفنا بالعباقرة الذين كانوا وراء هذه الابتكارات.
1- تقول القصة أن هناك عربي يدعى خالد، كان يعتني ببعض الماعز في منطقة "كافا" بجنوب أثيوبيا, عندما لاحظ أن حيواناته أصبحت أكثر نشاطاً حينما تأكل التوت, فقام بغلي التوت ليصنع أول فنجان من القهوة! ومن المؤكد أن أول مرة خرج فيها مشروب القهوة إلى خارج أثيوبيا كان إلى اليمن، حيث شربها "صفي" كي يظل يقظاً طوال الليل ليصلي في مناسبة خاصة.
في أواخر القرن الخامس عشر وصلت القهوة إلى مكة وتركيا، التي منها وصلت إلى فينسيا في عام 1645م، ثم إلى انجلترا بعد خمس سنوات في 1650، بواسطة تركي يدعى "باسكوا روسي" الذي فتح أول "محل قهوة" في شارع لومبارد بمدينة لندن. القهوة العربية صارت بعد ذلك تركية.. ثم إيطالية وإنجليزية!
2- قدماء اليونانيون ظنوا أن أعيننا تُخرِج أشعة مثل الليزر، والتي تجعلنا قادرين على الرؤية, أول شخص لاحظ أن الضوء يدخل إلى العين ولا يخرج منها كان في عالم رياضي وفيزيائي وفلكي مسلم, وهو الحسن بن الهيثم. حيث إكتشف أن الإبصار يحدث بسبب سقوط الإشعة من الضوء على الجسم المرئي، مما يمكن للعين أن تراه. ولكن العين لا تخرج أشعة من نفسها، وإلا كيف لا ترى العين في الظلام؟
واكتشف ابن الهيثم ظاهرة انعكاس الضوء، وظاهرة انعطاف الضوء أي انحراف الصورة عن مكانها في حال مرور الأشعة الضوئية في وسط معين إلى وسط غير متجانس معه. كما اكتشف أن الانعطاف يكون معدوماً إذا مرت الأشعة الضوئية وفقاً لزاوية قائمة من وسط إلى وسط آخر غير متجانس معه, ووضع ابن الهيثم بحوثاً في ما يتعلق بتكبير العدسات، وبذلك مهّد لاستعمال العدسات المتنوعة في معالجة عيوب العين, ويعتبر الحسن بن الهيثم أول من انتقل بالفيزياء من المرحلة الفلسفية للمرحلة العملية [ from a philosophical activity to an experimental one ].
3- كان هناك أحد أشكال لعبة الشطرنج في الهند القديمة, لكن اللعبة طورت إلى الطريقة التي نعرفها الآن في بلاد فارس (إيران), من هناك انتشرت اللعبة غرباً إلى أوروبا، حيث قدّمها المغاربة في أسبانيا في القرن العاشر الميلادي, وانتشرت شرقاً إلى اليابان.. تستعمل في الغرب كلمة rook لطابية الشطرنج كما نعرفها، ويعود اصل هذه الكلمة إلى كلمة "رُخ" العربية.
4- قبل آلاف السنوات من تجربة الأخوان رايت في بريطانيا للطيران. كان هناك شاعر وفلكي وموسيقي ومهندس مسلم يدعى "عباس بن فرناس"، قام بمحاولات عديدة لإنشاء آلة طيران. في عام 825 قفر من أعلى مئذنة الجامع الكبير في قرطبة مستخدماً عباءة صلبة غير محكمة مدعمة بقوائم خشبية, كان يأمل أن أن يحلق كالطيور..
لم يفلح في هذا، ولكن العباءة قللت من سرعة هبوطه، مكوّنة ما يمكن أن نمسيه أول "باراشوت" وخرج من هذه التجربة فقط بجروح بسيطة.
في 875، حين كان عمره 70 عاماً، قام بتطوير ماكينة من الحرير وريش النسور ثم حاول مرة أخرى بالقفز من أعلى جبل هذه المرة, وصل هذه المرة إلى ارتفاع عال.. وظل طائراً لمدة عشر دقائق، لكنه تحطم في الهبوط! كان ذلك بسبب عدم وضع "ذيل" للجهاز الذي ابتكره كي يتمكن من الهبوط بطريقة صحيحة.
مطار بغداد الدولي وفوهة أحد البراكين في المغرب تم تسميتهما على اسمه.
5- الإغتسال والنظافة متطلبات دينية لدى المسلمين, ربما كان هذا السبب في أنهم طوّروا شكل الصابون إلى الشكل الذي مازلنا نستخدمه الآن!
قدماء المصريين كان عندهم أحد أنواع الصابون، تماماً مثل الرومان الذين استخدموها غالبا كـمرهم! لكنهم كانوا -العرب- هم من جمعوا بين زيوت النباتات وهيدروكسيد الصوديوم والمواد الأروماتية مثل الـ "thyme oil".
كان أحد أكثر خصائص الصليبيين غرابة بالنسبة للمسلمين كانت أنهم لا يغتسلون!
الشامبو قدم في انجلترا لأول مرة، حينما قام أحد المسلمين بفتح أحد محلات الاستحمام بالبخار في "بريتون سيفرونت" في عام 1759.
6- التقطير ووسائل فصل السوائل من خلال الاختلافات في درجة غليانها, أخترعت في حوالي العام 800 م، بواسطة العالم المسلم الكبير "جابر بن حيان", الذي قام بتحويل "الخيمياء" أو "الكيمياء القديمة" إلى "الكيمياء الحديثة" كما نعرفها الآن، مخترعاً العديد من العديد من العمليات الأساسية والأدوات التي لانزال نستخدمها حتى الآن.
السيولة, والتبلور, والتقطير, والتنقية, والأكسدة, والتبخير والترشيح، جنباً إلى جنب مع اكتشاف الكبريت وحمض النيتريك, اخترع جابر بن حيان أمبيق التقطير -تستخدم الانجليزية لفظ alembic وهو مشتق من لفظ "إمبيق" العربي-، وهو آلة تستخدم في عملية التقطير، مقدماً للعالم العطور وبعض المشروبات الكحولية. ويذكر الكاتب أن ذلك حرام في الإسلام, استخدم ابن حيان التجربة المنظمة ويعتبر مكتشف الكيمياء الحديثة.
7- المضخة جهاز عبارة عن آلة من المعدن تدار بقوة الريح أو بواسطة حيوان يدور بحركة دائرية، وكان الهدف منها أن ترفع المياه من الآبار العميقة إلى سطح الأرض، وكذلك كانت تستعمل في رفع المياه من منسوب النهر إذا كان منخفضاً إلى الأماكن العليا. صنعت بواسطة مهندس مسلم بارع يسمى "الجزري".
هذه المضخة هي الفكرة الرئيسية التي بنيت عليها جميع المضخات المتطورة في عصرنا الحاضر، والمحركات الآلية كلها ابتداء من المحرك البخاري الذي في القطار أو البواخر إلى محرك الاحتراق الداخلي الذي يعمل بالبنزين كما في السيارة والطائرة..
ويعتبر "الجزري" هو الأب الروحي لعلم الـ robotics والخاص بتصنيع الـrobots كما نعرفها اليوم.
من ضمن إختراعاته الخمسين الأخرى كان الـ" combination lock" وهي التي نراها اليوم في طريقة قفل بعض الحقائب والخزانات باستخدام بعض الأرقام بجوار بعضها مكونة شفرة.
8- وضع طبقة من مادة أخرى بين طبقتين من القماش، تعتبر أحدى طرق الخياطة وغير معروف إذا كانت ابتكرت في العالم الإسلامي أم انها قد نشأت أولاً في الهند أو الصين, ولكن من المؤكد أنها وصلت للغرب من خلال الصليبيين، عندما رأوا بعض المحاربين المسلمين يرتدون قمصانا مصنوعة بهذه الطريقة بدلاً من الدروع، والتي كانت مفيدة جداً كوسيلة للحماية من أسلحة الصليبيين المعدنية؛ حيث كونت نوع من أنواع الحماية لهم. وهي تعتبر أول "قميص واقي من الرصاص" في العالم.
استخدم الغرب هذه الطريقة فيما بعد للوقاية من برودة الجو في دول مثل بريطانيا وهولندا..
9- تعد الأقواس مستدقة الطرف من أهم الخصائص المعمارية التي تميز كاتدرائيات أوروبا القوطية, فكرة هذه الأقواس ابتكرها المعماريون المسلمون. وهي أقوى بكثير من الأقواس مستديرة الطرف والتي كان يستخدمها الرومان والنورمانيون, لأنها تساعدك على أن يكون البناء أكبر وأعلى وأكثر تعقيداً.
.
http://indepdev.122.2O7.net/b/ss/indepdev/1/H.19.3--NS/0?[AQB]&cdp=3&[AQE]&pageName=news/science/article469452 (http://www.omniture.com)
http://www.independent.co.uk/independent.co.uk/images/logo-london.png (http://www.independent.co.uk/)
Skip Links
Headlines
Follow The Independent on Facebook (http://www.facebook.com/TheIndependentOnline) | http://www.independent.co.uk/multimedia/dynamic/00347/facebook-teaser-2_347890e.jpg (http://www.facebook.com/TheIndependentOnline)
Navigatio
How Islamic inventors changed the world
From coffee to cheques and the three-course meal, the Muslim world has given us many innovations that we take for granted in daily life. As a new exhibition opens, Paul Vallely nominates 20 of the most influential- and identifies the men of genius behind them
Saturday, 11 March 2006
Share (http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-islamic-inventors-changed-the-world-469452.html#) http://www.independent.co.uk/independent.co.uk/images/share-links-logo.jpg Close
http://www.independent.co.uk/independent.co.uk/images/bm-digg-icon.gifDigg (http://digg.com/submit?phase=2&url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-islamic-inventors-changed-the-world-469452.html&title=How%20Islamic%20inventors%20changed%20the%20 world%20-%20Science%20-%20Independent.co.uk)
http://www.independent.co.uk/independent.co.uk/images/bm-delicious-icon.gifdel.icio.us (http://del.icio.us/post?url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-islamic-inventors-changed-the-world-469452.html&title=How%20Islamic%20inventors%20changed%20the%20 world%20-%20Science%20-%20Independent.co.uk)
http://www.independent.co.uk/independent.co.uk/images/bm-facebook-icon.gifFacebook (http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-islamic-inventors-changed-the-world-469452.html)
http://www.independent.co.uk/independent.co.uk/images/bm-reddit-icon.gifReddit (http://reddit.independent.co.uk/submit?url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-islamic-inventors-changed-the-world-469452.html&title=How%20Islamic%20inventors%20changed%20the%20 world%20-%20Science%20-%20Independent.co.uk)
http://www.independent.co.uk/independent.co.uk/images/bm-google-icon.gifGoogle (http://www.google.com/bookmarks/mark?op=add&bkmk=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-islamic-inventors-changed-the-world-469452.html&title=How%20Islamic%20inventors%20changed%20the%20 world%20-%20Science%20-%20Independent.co.uk)
http://www.independent.co.uk/independent.co.uk/images/bm-stumble-icon.gifStumble Upon (http://www.stumbleupon.com/submit?url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-islamic-inventors-changed-the-world-469452.html&title=How%20Islamic%20inventors%20changed%20the%20 world%20-%20Science%20-%20Independent.co.uk)
http://www.independent.co.uk/independent.co.uk/images/bm-fark-icon.gifFark (http://cgi.fark.com/cgi/fark/submit.pl?url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-islamic-inventors-changed-the-world-469452.html&title=How%20Islamic%20inventors%20changed%20the%20 world%20-%20Science%20-%20Independent.co.uk)
http://www.independent.co.uk/independent.co.uk/images/bm-newsvine-icon.gifNewsvine (http://www.newsvine.com/_tools/seed&save?u=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-islamic-inventors-changed-the-world-469452.html&title=How%20Islamic%20inventors%20changed%20the%20 world%20-%20Science%20-%20Independent.co.uk)
http://www.independent.co.uk/independent.co.uk/images/bm-yahoobuzz-icon.gifYahooBuzz (http://uk.buzz.yahoo.com/buzz?publisherurn=theindepende_417&targetUrl=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-islamic-inventors-changed-the-world-469452.html&title=How%20Islamic%20inventors%20changed%20the%20 world%20-%20Science%20-%20Independent.co.uk)
http://www.independent.co.uk/independent.co.uk/images/bm-bebo-icon.gifBebo (http://www.bebo.com/c/share?Url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-islamic-inventors-changed-the-world-469452.html&title=How%20Islamic%20inventors%20changed%20the%20 world%20-%20Science%20-%20Independent.co.uk)
http://www.independent.co.uk/independent.co.uk/images/bm-twitter-icon.gifTwitter (http://twitter.com/home?status=How%20Islamic%20inventors%20changed%20 the%20world%20http://www.independent.co.uk/news/a469452.html)
Print (http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-islamic-inventors-changed-the-world-469452.html?service=Print)
Email (http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-islamic-inventors-changed-the-world-469452.html?action=Email)
Text Size
Normal (http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-islamic-inventors-changed-the-world-469452.html#font-normal)
Large (http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-islamic-inventors-changed-the-world-469452.html#font-large)
Extra Large (http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-islamic-inventors-changed-the-world-469452.html#font-xlarge)
.firstcolumn { border-bottom: 5px solid rgb(125, 112, 77); font-family: verdana; font-size: 11px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); margin-bottom: 10px; }.firstcolumn div { padding-left: 2px; }.firstcolumn .title { font-size: 13px; margin-top: 2px; margin-bottom: 2px; color: rgb(125, 112, 77); font-weight: bold; text-transform: uppercase; }.firstcolumn .title a { color: rgb(125, 112, 77); }.firstcolumn .description { font-size: 11px; }.firstcolumn .thumbnail { border: 0px none ; float: left; margin-right: 5px; }.firstcolumn .commercialpromo { border-top: 5px solid rgb(206, 182, 105); margin-bottom: 10px; }.firstcolumn .clear { overflow: hidden; clear: both; height: 1px; }.firstcolumn .mainheading { border-top: 5px solid rgb(125, 112, 77); margin-bottom: 0px; }.firstcolumn .mainheading .title { margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; }.firstcolumn a { color: rgb(18, 85, 129); text-decoration: none; }.firstcolumn a:hover { color: rgb(18, 85, 129); text-decoration: underline; }.firstcolumn a:visited { color: rgb(18, 85, 129); }.firstcolumn .dotted { background-image: url(http://www.independent.co.uk/multimedia/archive/00027/dots_27496a.gif); (http://www.independent.co.uk/multimedia/archive/00027/dots_27496a.gif%29;) background-repeat: repeat-x; background-position: center bottom; padding-bottom: 4px; }.firstcolumn .yh { font-weight: bold; }.clearbutton { overflow: hidden; width: 100%; }.firstcolumn .yahoo { overflow: hidden; }.firstcolumn .yahoo ul { margin: 0pt; padding: 0pt; list-style-type: none; }.firstcolumn .yahoo ul li { margin: 0px; float: left; width: 180px; list-style-type: none; padding-left: 20px; background-image: url(http://www.independent.co.uk/multimedia/archive/00027/bullet_27264a.gif); (http://www.independent.co.uk/multimedia/archive/00027/bullet_27264a.gif%29;) background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 5px 50%; font-weight: bold; }
1 The story goes that an Arab named Khalid was tending his goats in the Kaffa region of southern Ethiopia, when he noticed his animals became livelier after eating a certain berry. He boiled the berries to make the first coffee. Certainly the first record of the drink is of beans exported from Ethiopia to Yemen where Sufis drank it to stay awake all night to pray on special occasions. By the late 15th century it had arrived in Mecca and Turkey from where it made its way to Venice in 1645. It was brought to England in 1650 by a Turk named Pasqua Rosee who opened the first coffee house in Lombard Street in the City of London. The Arabic qahwa became the Turkish kahve then the Italian caffé and then English coffee.
2 The ancient Greeks thought our eyes emitted rays, like a laser, which enabled us to see. The first person to realise that light enters the eye, rather than leaving it, was the 10th-century Muslim mathematician, astronomer and physicist Ibn al-Haitham. He invented the first pin-hole camera after noticing the way light came through a hole in window shutters. The smaller the hole, the better the picture, he worked out, and set up the first Camera Obscura (from the Arab word qamara for a dark or private room). He is also credited with being the first man to shift physics from a philosophical activity to an experimental one.
3 A form of chess was played in ancient India but the game was developed into the form we know it today in Persia. From there it spread westward to Europe - where it was introduced by the Moors in Spain in the 10th century - and eastward as far as Japan. The word rook comes from the Persian rukh, which means chariot.
4 A thousand years before the Wright brothers a Muslim poet, astronomer, musician and engineer named Abbas ibn Firnas made several attempts to construct a flying machine. In 852 he jumped from the minaret of the Grand Mosque in Cordoba using a loose cloak stiffened with wooden struts. He hoped to glide like a bird. He didn't. But the cloak slowed his fall, creating what is thought to be the first parachute, and leaving him with only minor injuries. In 875, aged 70, having perfected a machine of silk and eagles' feathers he tried again, jumping from a mountain. He flew to a significant height and stayed aloft for ten minutes but crashed on landing - concluding, correctly, that it was because he had not given his device a tail so it would stall on landing. Baghdad international airport and a crater on the Moon are named after him.
5 Washing and bathing are religious requirements for Muslims, which is perhaps why they perfected the recipe for soap which we still use today. The ancient Egyptians had soap of a kind, as did the Romans who used it more as a pomade. But it was the Arabs who combined vegetable oils with sodium hydroxide and aromatics such as thyme oil. One of the Crusaders' most striking characteristics, to Arab nostrils, was that they did not wash. Shampoo was introduced to England by a Muslim who opened Mahomed's Indian Vapour Baths on Brighton seafront in 1759 and was appointed Shampooing Surgeon to Kings George IV and William IV.
6 Distillation, the means of separating liquids through differences in their boiling points, was invented around the year 800 by Islam's foremost scientist, Jabir ibn Hayyan, who transformed alchemy into chemistry, inventing many of the basic processes and apparatus still in use today - liquefaction, crystallisation, distillation, purification, oxidisation, evaporation and filtration. As well as discovering sulphuric and nitric acid, he invented the alembic still, giving the world intense rosewater and other perfumes and alcoholic spirits (although drinking them is haram, or forbidden, in Islam). Ibn Hayyan emphasised systematic experimentation and was the founder of modern chemistry.
7 The crank-shaft is a device which translates rotary into linear motion and is central to much of the machinery in the modern world, not least the internal combustion engine. One of the most important mechanical inventions in the history of humankind, it was created by an ingenious Muslim engineer called al-Jazari to raise water for irrigation. His 1206 Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices shows he also invented or refined the use of valves and pistons, devised some of the first mechanical clocks driven by water and weights, and was the father of robotics. Among his 50 other inventions was the combination lock.
8 Quilting is a method of sewing or tying two layers of cloth with a layer of insulating material in between. It is not clear whether it was invented in the Muslim world or whether it was imported there from India or China. But it certainly came to the West via the Crusaders. They saw it used by Saracen warriors, who wore straw-filled quilted canvas shirts instead of armour. As well as a form of protection, it proved an effective guard against the chafing of the Crusaders' metal armour and was an effective form of insulation - so much so that it became a cottage industry back home in colder climates such as Britain and Holland.
9 The pointed arch so characteristic of Europe's Gothic cathedrals was an invention borrowed from Islamic architecture. It was much stronger than the rounded arch used by the Romans and Normans, thus allowing the building of bigger, higher, more complex and grander buildings. Other borrowings from Muslim genius included ribbed vaulting, rose windows and dome-building techniques. Europe's castles were also adapted to copy the Islamic world's - with arrow slits, battlements, a barbican and parapets. Square towers and keeps gave way to more easily defended round ones. Henry V's castle architect was a Muslim.
10 Many modern surgical instruments are of exactly the same design as those devised in the 10th century by a Muslim surgeon called al-Zahrawi. His scalpels, bone saws, forceps, fine scissors for eye surgery and many of the 200 instruments he devised are recognisable to a modern surgeon. It was he who discovered that catgut used for internal stitches dissolves away naturally (a discovery he made when his monkey ate his lute strings) and that it can be also used to make medicine capsules. In the 13th century, another Muslim medic named Ibn Nafis described the circulation of the blood, 300 years before William Harvey discovered it. Muslims doctors also invented anaesthetics of opium and alcohol mixes and developed hollow needles to suck cataracts from eyes in a technique still used today.
11 The windmill was invented in 634 for a Persian caliph and was used to grind corn and draw up water for irrigation. In the vast deserts of Arabia, when the seasonal streams ran dry, the only source of power was the wind which blew steadily from one direction for months. Mills had six or 12 sails covered in fabric or palm leaves. It was 500 years before the first windmill was seen in Europe.
12 The technique of inoculation was not invented by Jenner and Pasteur but was devised in the Muslim world and brought to Europe from Turkey by the wife of the English ambassador to Istanbul in 1724. Children in Turkey were vaccinated with cowpox to fight the deadly smallpox at least 50 years before the West discovered it.
13 The fountain pen was invented for the Sultan of Egypt in 953 after he demanded a pen which would not stain his hands or clothes. It held ink in a reservoir and, as with modern pens, fed ink to the nib by a combination of gravity and capillary action.
14 The system of numbering in use all round the world is probably Indian in origin but the style of the numerals is Arabic and first appears in print in the work of the Muslim mathematicians al-Khwarizmi and al-Kindi around 825. Algebra was named after al-Khwarizmi's book, Al-Jabr wa-al-Muqabilah, much of whose contents are still in use. The work of Muslim maths scholars was imported into Europe 300 years later by the Italian mathematician Fibonacci. Algorithms and much of the theory of trigonometry came from the Muslim world. And Al-Kindi's discovery of frequency analysis rendered all the codes of the ancient world soluble and created the basis of modern cryptology.
15 Ali ibn Nafi, known by his nickname of Ziryab (Blackbird) came from Iraq to Cordoba in the 9th century and brought with him the concept of the three-course meal - soup, followed by fish or meat, then fruit and nuts. He also introduced crystal glasses (which had been invented after experiments with rock crystal by Abbas ibn Firnas - see No 4).
16 Carpets were regarded as part of Paradise by medieval Muslims, thanks to their advanced weaving techniques, new tinctures from Islamic chemistry and highly developed sense of pattern and arabesque which were the basis of Islam's non-representational art. In contrast, Europe's floors were distinctly earthly, not to say earthy, until Arabian and Persian carpets were introduced. In England, as Erasmus recorded, floors were "covered in rushes, occasionally renewed, but so imperfectly that the bottom layer is left undisturbed, sometimes for 20 years, harbouring expectoration, vomiting, the leakage of dogs and men, ale droppings, scraps of fish, and other abominations not fit to be mentioned". Carpets, unsurprisingly, caught on quickly.
17 The modern cheque comes from the Arabic saqq, a written vow to pay for goods when they were delivered, to avoid money having to be transported across dangerous terrain. In the 9th century, a Muslim businessman could cash a cheque in China drawn on his bank in Baghdad.
18 By the 9th century, many Muslim scholars took it for granted that the Earth was a sphere. The proof, said astronomer Ibn Hazm, "is that the Sun is always vertical to a particular spot on Earth". It was 500 years before that realisation dawned on Galileo. The calculations of Muslim astronomers were so accurate that in the 9th century they reckoned the Earth's circumference to be 40,253.4km - less than 200km out. The scholar al-Idrisi took a globe depicting the world to the court of King Roger of Sicily in 1139.
19 Though the Chinese invented saltpetre gunpowder, and used it in their fireworks, it was the Arabs who worked out that it could be purified using potassium nitrate for military use. Muslim incendiary devices terrified the Crusaders. By the 15th century they had invented both a rocket, which they called a "self-moving and combusting egg", and a torpedo - a self-propelled pear-shaped bomb with a spear at the front which impaled itself in enemy ships and then blew up.
20 Medieval Europe had kitchen and herb gardens, but it was the Arabs who developed the idea of the garden as a place of beauty and meditation. The first royal pleasure gardens in Europe were opened in 11th-century Muslim Spain. Flowers which originated in Muslim gardens include the carnation and the tulip.
"1001 Inventions: Discover the Muslim Heritage in Our World" is a new exhibition which began a nationwide tour this week. It is currently at the Science Museum in Manchester. For more information, go to www.1001inventions.com (http://www.1001inventions.com/).
digg
Sponsored Links
Ads by Google (http://www.google.com/url?ct=abg&q=https://www.google.com/adsense/support/bin/request.py%3Fcontact%3Dabg_afc%26url%3Dhttp://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-islamic-inventors-changed-the-world-469452.html%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dca-pub-5964551156905038%26adU%3Dwww.aldiwanonline.com%26a dT%3DMale%2B%2526amp%253B%2BFemale%2BMuslim%2Bname %26adU%3Dwww.almi.abdn.ac.uk%26adT%3DMA%2Bin%2BIsl amic%2BEducation%26adU%3Dwww.muslimconvertsnetwork .com%26adT%3DMuslim%2BConverts%26adU%3DMadeinandal usia.es/Arabic%26adT%3D99%2BNames%2Bof%2BAllah%26gl%3DEG&usg=AFQjCNFBUw7UUg1BVTbDCsLuHqBClUg2uQ)
Male & Female Muslim name (http://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=l&ai=BkKZmBg2uTdudI8en8AOU_5GGBN2_l5gC3a2mpivAjbcBwO 0aEAEYASDd6rEUKAQ4AFDcgKG5BGCzptGCnC6gAduD0tADsgEV d3d3LmluZGVwZW5kZW50LmNvLnVrugEJNzI4eDkwX2pzyAEB2g FdaHR0cDovL3d3dy5pbmRlcGVuZGVudC5jby51ay9uZXdzL3Nj aWVuY2UvaG93LWlzbGFtaWMtaW52ZW50b3JzLWNoYW5nZWQtdG hlLXdvcmxkLTQ2OTQ1Mi5odG1s4AECqQJCgZ607YiGPqgDAegD rgHoA-QG6APaA_UDAAAABPUDIAAAAA&num=1&sig=AGiWqtz2EGQOZHx667le7PdW-_kL55G7mw&client=ca-pub-5964551156905038&adurl=http://www.aldiwanonline.com/CategoryList.aspx%3FCategoryID%3D93)
Tips, avoided & recommended names
Meaning, background & reference
www.aldiwanonline.com (http://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=l&ai=BkKZmBg2uTdudI8en8AOU_5GGBN2_l5gC3a2mpivAjbcBwO 0aEAEYASDd6rEUKAQ4AFDcgKG5BGCzptGCnC6gAduD0tADsgEV d3d3LmluZGVwZW5kZW50LmNvLnVrugEJNzI4eDkwX2pzyAEB2g FdaHR0cDovL3d3dy5pbmRlcGVuZGVudC5jby51ay9uZXdzL3Nj aWVuY2UvaG93LWlzbGFtaWMtaW52ZW50b3JzLWNoYW5nZWQtdG hlLXdvcmxkLTQ2OTQ1Mi5odG1s4AECqQJCgZ607YiGPqgDAegD rgHoA-QG6APaA_UDAAAABPUDIAAAAA&num=1&sig=AGiWqtz2EGQOZHx667le7PdW-_kL55G7mw&client=ca-pub-5964551156905038&adurl=http://www.aldiwanonline.com/CategoryList.aspx%3FCategoryID%3D93)
MA in Islamic Education (http://googleads.g.doubleclick.net/aclk?sa=L&ai=BbKnUBg2uTdudI8en8AOU_5GGBMK87pACwtaxxSXAjbcBoI 0GEAIYAiDd6rEUKAQ4AFCykO-b_f____8BYLOm0YKcLrIBFXd3dy5pbmRlcGVuZGVudC5jby51a 7oBCTcyOHg5MF9qc8gBAdoBXWh0dHA6Ly93d3cuaW5kZXBlbmR lbnQuY28udWsvbmV3cy9zY2llbmNlL2hvdy1pc2xhbWljLWlud mVudG9ycy1jaGFuZ2VkLXRoZS13b3JsZC00Njk0NTIuaHRtbOA BAoACAakCZBKCUWFeuz6oAwHoA64B6APkBugD2gP1AwAAAAT1A yAAAAA&num=2&sig=AGiWqtzcE4Fg0bcMB7GuKZMjZykRIKOVfg&client=ca-pub-5964551156905038&adurl=http://www.almi.abdn.ac.uk/programmes-courses/)
Al-Maktoum Institute, Dundee
رابط الخبر
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-islamic-inventors-changed-the-world-469452.html