simsim elmasry
09-07-2011, 12:30 AM
IN THE NAME OF ALLAH
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mass protests in January 2011, as the revolution in Tunisia (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/tunisia/index.html?scp=1-spot&sq=tunisia%20&st=cse) inflamed decades worth of smoldering grievances against the heavy-handed rule of President Hosni Mubarak. (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/m/hosni_mubarak/index.html?inline=nyt-per) After 18 days of angry protests and after losing of the support of the military and the United States, Mr. Mubarak resigned on Feb. 11, ending 30 years of autocratic rule.http://www.jpnews-sy.com/ar/images/news/big/19652.jpg The military stepped forward and took power. It quickly suspended unpopular provisions of the constitution, even while *****ing down on continuing demonstrations.On March 19, a set of constitutional amendments that pave the way for elections was overwhelmiÔoved in Ôerendum that drew record numbers of voters. But anger over what many demonstraters saw as the military's loyalty to the core of Mr. Mubarak's government and the slow pace of change led to new mass protests and violence in April. In response to the protests, prosecutors have picked up the pace of investigation, jailing Mr. Mubarak and his sons and briefly detaining his wife for questioning over allegations that she profited illegally from her position.
The military's 18-member ruling council said it would hand over legislative powers after the parliamentary election in September 2011, and that executive powers would be transferred after the presidential election, which will be held by November. Many of the younger leaders of the protest movement worry that the long established and well organized Muslim Brotherhood (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/m/muslim_brotherhood_egypt/index.html?scp=1-spot&sq=muslim%20brotherhood&st=cse) http://www.almesryoon.com/images/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86.jpgcoul d dominate voting, although the Brotherhood insists it does not want to become the ruling party.
Economically, the country is struggling, as a system whose inequities and lack of opportunities helped topple a government, has now ground to a virtual halt, (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/10/world/middleeast/10egypt.html?sq=egypt&st=cse&scp=2&pagewanted=print) further wounded by the revolution itself.
The prospect of Egypt’s first open election in the fall has prompted a wide-ranging debate over radically divergent economic proposals. They include deep cuts to the bloated government work force and vast public subsidies, a leftist re-expansion of the state’s role in the economy, and the Muslim Brotherhood’s plan to impose a 7.5 percent income surtax on all Muslims to fulfill their religious mandate to give to charity. But the campaign has also revealed internal divisions within the Brotherhoo (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/20/world/middleeast/20egypt.html?sq=egypt&st=cse&scp=2&pagewanted=print)d, as the unifying sense of opposition to a secular dictatorship fades and various factions — including two breakaway political parties and much of the group’s youth — move toward the political center.
Politically, the country remains fragile. On the night of June 28, a peaceful protest in Tahrir Square turned into a night of clashes (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/30/world/middleeast/30egypt.html?sq=egypt&st=cse&scp=5&pagewanted=print)between the police and protesters in which more than 1,000 people were injured. The turmoil, which seemed to take almost everyone by surprise, showed that almost any spark can ignite simmering tensions.
Recent Developments
July 8 More than two dozen onetime officials and allies of former President Hosni Mubarak (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/m/hosni_mubarak/index.html?inline=nyt-per) http://dc316.4shared.com/img/tj4iP-8I/s3/19_online.jpgwere charged with murder, attempted murder and terrorism (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/08/world/africa/08egypt.html?scp=5&sq=egypt&st=cse), accused of organizing one of the most memorable attacks on protesters during the 18-day revolution, one in which assailants riding horses and camels charged into the crowds at Tahrir Square.
July 5 An Egyptian criminal court acquitted three former government ministers of corruption (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/06/world/africa/06egypt.html?scp=2&sq=egypt&st=cse)while convicting a fourth in absentia, verdicts that aggravated public anger over the pace of efforts to hold former officials accountable for killing more than 800 people during the country’s 18-day revolution.
June 29 A night of fighting between demonstrators and security forces made clear that there were differences (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/30/world/middleeast/30egypt.html?sq=egypt&st=cse&scp=5&pagewanted=print)not only between the government and protesters, but between those who want faster change and those who are growing weary of the post-revolutionary tumult.
June 2 More than a month after saboteurs blew up (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/28/world/middleeast/28sinai.html) an Egyptian pipeline supplying natural gas (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/energy-environment/natural-gas/index.html?inline=nyt-classifier) to Israel (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/israel/index.html?inline=nyt-geo), the line is repaired but gas is not flowing (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/02/world/middleeast/02egyptgas.html?scp=3&sq=egypt&st=cse)and foreign shareholders of the company suspect politics to be the reason. They are threatening legal action against Egypt (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/egypt/index.html?inline=nyt-geo).
June 1 The Egyptian military — facing public criticism for torturing demonstrators and admitting that it forced some female detainees to undergo “virginity tests” — is pressing the Egyptian news media to censor harsh criticism of it (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/01/world/middleeast/01egypt.html?scp=4&sq=egypt&st=cse) and protect its image. The intervention concerns some human rights advocates who say it could make it harder for politicians to scrutinize the military and could possibly undermine attempts to bring it under civilian control or investigate charges of corruption
May 25 Egypt will permanently open its border (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/26/world/middleeast/26egypt.html?ref=egypt) with the Gaza Strip (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/gaza_strip/index.html?inline=nyt-geo) on May 28 despite Israeli protests, upending the dynamics of regional politics in a bid to shake up the deadlocked peace process and better respond to Egyptian public opinion. Later Israeli officials said they were worried about weapons and militants flowing (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/28/world/middleeast/28gaza.html?hp) into the Hamas (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/h/hamas/index.html?inline=nyt-org)-controlled strip and about what the move indicated for Egypt’s future policies.
May 24 Egypt’s top prosecutor ordered former President Hosni Mubarak (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/m/hosni_mubarak/index.html?inline=nyt-per) to stand trial in connection with the killing of unarmed protesters (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/25/world/middleeast/25egypt.html?ref=hosnimubarak) during the 18-day-revolt that forced him from power, yielding to one of the revolution’s top demands just days before many of its organizers had vowed to return to Tahrir Square for another day of protest.
May 17 Suzanne Mubarak, the wife of the ousted president Hosni Mubarak (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/m/hosni_mubarak/index.html?inline=nyt-per), has agreed to turn over about $4 million worth of assets (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/18/world/africa/18mubarak.html?hp) to the Egyptian government in exchange for her release from detention without bail.
May 13 A crime wave has emerged as a threat (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/13/world/middleeast/13egypt.html?scp=2&sq=egypt%20&st=cse) to Egypt (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/egypt/index.html?inline=nyt-geo)'s promised transition to democracy. Businessmen, politicians and human rights activists say they fear that the mounting disorder — from sectarian strife to soccer riots — is hampering a desperately needed economic recovery or, worse, inviting a new authoritarian *****down.
Background -- Before the Revolution
Egypt is a heavyweight in Middle East diplomacy, in part because of its peace treaty with Israel, and as a key ally of the United States. The country, often the fulcrum on which currents in the region turn, also has one of the largest and most sophisticated security forces in the Middle East.
Mr. Mubarak has been in office since the assassination of Anwar el-Sadat on Oct. 16, 1981, whom he served as vice president. Until the recent unrest, he had firmly resisted calls to name a successor. He had also successfully negotiated complicated issues of regional security, solidified a relationship with Washington, maintained cool but correct ties with Israel and sharply suppressed Islamic fundamentalism and terrorism — along with dissent in general.
The government for decades maintained what it calls an Emergency Law, passed first in 1981 to combat terrorism after the assassination of Mr. Sadat. The law allows police to arrest people without charge, detain prisoners indefinitely, limit freedom of expression and assembly, and maintain a special security court.
In 2010, the government promised that it would only use the law to combat terrorism and drug trafficking, but terrorism was defined so broadly as to render that promise largely meaningless, according to human rights activists and political prisoners.
From Apathy to Anger
While Mr. Mubarak's regime had become increasingly unpopular, the public long seemed mired in apathy. For years, the main opposition to his rule appeared to be the Muslim Brotherhood, which was officially banned but still commanded significant support.
In 2010, speculation rose as to whether Mr. Mubarak, who underwent gall bladder surgery that year and appeared increasingly frail, would run in the 2011 elections or seek to install his son Gamal as a successor. Mr. ElBaradei, the former director of the International Atomic Energy Agency (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/i/international_atomic_energy_agency/index.html?inline=nyt-org), publicly challenged Mr. Mubarak’s autocratic rule, but the Mubarak political machine steamrolled its way to its regular lopsided victory in a parliamentary vote.
The anger fueling the street protests was not new. It had been seething beneath the surface (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/29/world/middleeast/29mubarak.html?_r=1&hp) for many years, exploding at times, but never before in such widespread, sustained fury.The grievances are economic, social, historic and deeply personal. Egyptians often speak of their dignity, which many said has been wounded by Mr. Mubarak’s monopoly on power, his iron-fisted approach to security and corruption that has been allowed to fester. Even government allies and insiders have been quick to acknowledge that the protesters have legitimate grievances that need to be addressed.
In the last few years, Egypt has struggled through a seemingly endless series of crises and setbacks.The sinking of a ferry left 1,000 mostly poor Egyptians lost at sea, an uncontrollable fire gutted the historic Parliament building, terrorists attacked Sinai resorts, labor strikes affected nearly every sector of the work force and sectarian-tinged violence erupted.
And in nearly every case, the state addressed the issue as a security matter, deploying the police, detaining suspects, dispersing crowds. That was also true in 2010, even as evidence mounted of growing tension between Egypt’s Muslim majority and a Christian minority that includes about 10 percent of the approximately 80 million Egyptians.
http://www.alrai.com/img/310000/310188.jpgA Police State
Egypt’s police bureaucracy reaches into virtually every aspect of public life here, and changing its ways is no easy task, everyone concedes. Police officers direct traffic and investigate murders, but also monitor elections and issue birth and death certificates and passports. Every day, 60,000 Egyptians visit police stations, according to the Interior Ministry. In a large, impoverished nation, the services the police provide give them wide — and, critics say, unchecked — power
The Egyptian police have a long and notorious track record of torture and cruelty to average citizens. One case that drew widespread international condemnation involved a cellphone video of the police sodomizing a driver with a broomstick. In June 2010, Alexandria erupted in protests over the fatal beating by police of beating Khaled Said, 28. The authorities said he died choking on a clump of marijuana (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/m/marijuana/index.html?inline=nyt-classifier), until a photograph emerged of his bloodied face. In December 2010, a suspect being questioned in connection with a bombing was beaten to death while in police custody.Abuse is often perpetrated by undercover plainclothes officers like the ones who confronted Mr. Said, and either ordered or allowed by their superiors, the head investigators who sit in every precinct.http://a4.sphotos.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-snc6/269970_220157064700832_104224996294040_515945_3324 304_n.jpg
The government denies there is any widespread abuse and frequently blames rogue officers for episodes of brutality. Even so, for the past 10 years, officers from the police academy have attended a human rights program organized by the United Nations (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/u/united_nations/index.html?inline=nyt-org)http://www.almasdaronline.com/uploads/articles/un1-20110605-214821.jpg and the Interior Ministry
topic link
http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/egypt/index.html?scp=1&sq=eygpt&st=cse
http://www.newyorkpersonalinjuryattorneyblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/NewYorkTimesLogo.gif
http://sphotos.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-snc3/hs355.snc3/29377_104835142899692_104224996294040_41145_514782 5_n.jpg
mass protests in January 2011, as the revolution in Tunisia (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/tunisia/index.html?scp=1-spot&sq=tunisia%20&st=cse) inflamed decades worth of smoldering grievances against the heavy-handed rule of President Hosni Mubarak. (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/m/hosni_mubarak/index.html?inline=nyt-per) After 18 days of angry protests and after losing of the support of the military and the United States, Mr. Mubarak resigned on Feb. 11, ending 30 years of autocratic rule.http://www.jpnews-sy.com/ar/images/news/big/19652.jpg The military stepped forward and took power. It quickly suspended unpopular provisions of the constitution, even while *****ing down on continuing demonstrations.On March 19, a set of constitutional amendments that pave the way for elections was overwhelmiÔoved in Ôerendum that drew record numbers of voters. But anger over what many demonstraters saw as the military's loyalty to the core of Mr. Mubarak's government and the slow pace of change led to new mass protests and violence in April. In response to the protests, prosecutors have picked up the pace of investigation, jailing Mr. Mubarak and his sons and briefly detaining his wife for questioning over allegations that she profited illegally from her position.
The military's 18-member ruling council said it would hand over legislative powers after the parliamentary election in September 2011, and that executive powers would be transferred after the presidential election, which will be held by November. Many of the younger leaders of the protest movement worry that the long established and well organized Muslim Brotherhood (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/m/muslim_brotherhood_egypt/index.html?scp=1-spot&sq=muslim%20brotherhood&st=cse) http://www.almesryoon.com/images/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86.jpgcoul d dominate voting, although the Brotherhood insists it does not want to become the ruling party.
Economically, the country is struggling, as a system whose inequities and lack of opportunities helped topple a government, has now ground to a virtual halt, (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/10/world/middleeast/10egypt.html?sq=egypt&st=cse&scp=2&pagewanted=print) further wounded by the revolution itself.
The prospect of Egypt’s first open election in the fall has prompted a wide-ranging debate over radically divergent economic proposals. They include deep cuts to the bloated government work force and vast public subsidies, a leftist re-expansion of the state’s role in the economy, and the Muslim Brotherhood’s plan to impose a 7.5 percent income surtax on all Muslims to fulfill their religious mandate to give to charity. But the campaign has also revealed internal divisions within the Brotherhoo (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/20/world/middleeast/20egypt.html?sq=egypt&st=cse&scp=2&pagewanted=print)d, as the unifying sense of opposition to a secular dictatorship fades and various factions — including two breakaway political parties and much of the group’s youth — move toward the political center.
Politically, the country remains fragile. On the night of June 28, a peaceful protest in Tahrir Square turned into a night of clashes (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/30/world/middleeast/30egypt.html?sq=egypt&st=cse&scp=5&pagewanted=print)between the police and protesters in which more than 1,000 people were injured. The turmoil, which seemed to take almost everyone by surprise, showed that almost any spark can ignite simmering tensions.
Recent Developments
July 8 More than two dozen onetime officials and allies of former President Hosni Mubarak (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/m/hosni_mubarak/index.html?inline=nyt-per) http://dc316.4shared.com/img/tj4iP-8I/s3/19_online.jpgwere charged with murder, attempted murder and terrorism (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/08/world/africa/08egypt.html?scp=5&sq=egypt&st=cse), accused of organizing one of the most memorable attacks on protesters during the 18-day revolution, one in which assailants riding horses and camels charged into the crowds at Tahrir Square.
July 5 An Egyptian criminal court acquitted three former government ministers of corruption (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/06/world/africa/06egypt.html?scp=2&sq=egypt&st=cse)while convicting a fourth in absentia, verdicts that aggravated public anger over the pace of efforts to hold former officials accountable for killing more than 800 people during the country’s 18-day revolution.
June 29 A night of fighting between demonstrators and security forces made clear that there were differences (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/30/world/middleeast/30egypt.html?sq=egypt&st=cse&scp=5&pagewanted=print)not only between the government and protesters, but between those who want faster change and those who are growing weary of the post-revolutionary tumult.
June 2 More than a month after saboteurs blew up (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/28/world/middleeast/28sinai.html) an Egyptian pipeline supplying natural gas (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/energy-environment/natural-gas/index.html?inline=nyt-classifier) to Israel (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/israel/index.html?inline=nyt-geo), the line is repaired but gas is not flowing (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/02/world/middleeast/02egyptgas.html?scp=3&sq=egypt&st=cse)and foreign shareholders of the company suspect politics to be the reason. They are threatening legal action against Egypt (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/egypt/index.html?inline=nyt-geo).
June 1 The Egyptian military — facing public criticism for torturing demonstrators and admitting that it forced some female detainees to undergo “virginity tests” — is pressing the Egyptian news media to censor harsh criticism of it (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/01/world/middleeast/01egypt.html?scp=4&sq=egypt&st=cse) and protect its image. The intervention concerns some human rights advocates who say it could make it harder for politicians to scrutinize the military and could possibly undermine attempts to bring it under civilian control or investigate charges of corruption
May 25 Egypt will permanently open its border (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/26/world/middleeast/26egypt.html?ref=egypt) with the Gaza Strip (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/gaza_strip/index.html?inline=nyt-geo) on May 28 despite Israeli protests, upending the dynamics of regional politics in a bid to shake up the deadlocked peace process and better respond to Egyptian public opinion. Later Israeli officials said they were worried about weapons and militants flowing (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/28/world/middleeast/28gaza.html?hp) into the Hamas (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/h/hamas/index.html?inline=nyt-org)-controlled strip and about what the move indicated for Egypt’s future policies.
May 24 Egypt’s top prosecutor ordered former President Hosni Mubarak (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/m/hosni_mubarak/index.html?inline=nyt-per) to stand trial in connection with the killing of unarmed protesters (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/25/world/middleeast/25egypt.html?ref=hosnimubarak) during the 18-day-revolt that forced him from power, yielding to one of the revolution’s top demands just days before many of its organizers had vowed to return to Tahrir Square for another day of protest.
May 17 Suzanne Mubarak, the wife of the ousted president Hosni Mubarak (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/m/hosni_mubarak/index.html?inline=nyt-per), has agreed to turn over about $4 million worth of assets (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/18/world/africa/18mubarak.html?hp) to the Egyptian government in exchange for her release from detention without bail.
May 13 A crime wave has emerged as a threat (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/13/world/middleeast/13egypt.html?scp=2&sq=egypt%20&st=cse) to Egypt (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/egypt/index.html?inline=nyt-geo)'s promised transition to democracy. Businessmen, politicians and human rights activists say they fear that the mounting disorder — from sectarian strife to soccer riots — is hampering a desperately needed economic recovery or, worse, inviting a new authoritarian *****down.
Background -- Before the Revolution
Egypt is a heavyweight in Middle East diplomacy, in part because of its peace treaty with Israel, and as a key ally of the United States. The country, often the fulcrum on which currents in the region turn, also has one of the largest and most sophisticated security forces in the Middle East.
Mr. Mubarak has been in office since the assassination of Anwar el-Sadat on Oct. 16, 1981, whom he served as vice president. Until the recent unrest, he had firmly resisted calls to name a successor. He had also successfully negotiated complicated issues of regional security, solidified a relationship with Washington, maintained cool but correct ties with Israel and sharply suppressed Islamic fundamentalism and terrorism — along with dissent in general.
The government for decades maintained what it calls an Emergency Law, passed first in 1981 to combat terrorism after the assassination of Mr. Sadat. The law allows police to arrest people without charge, detain prisoners indefinitely, limit freedom of expression and assembly, and maintain a special security court.
In 2010, the government promised that it would only use the law to combat terrorism and drug trafficking, but terrorism was defined so broadly as to render that promise largely meaningless, according to human rights activists and political prisoners.
From Apathy to Anger
While Mr. Mubarak's regime had become increasingly unpopular, the public long seemed mired in apathy. For years, the main opposition to his rule appeared to be the Muslim Brotherhood, which was officially banned but still commanded significant support.
In 2010, speculation rose as to whether Mr. Mubarak, who underwent gall bladder surgery that year and appeared increasingly frail, would run in the 2011 elections or seek to install his son Gamal as a successor. Mr. ElBaradei, the former director of the International Atomic Energy Agency (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/i/international_atomic_energy_agency/index.html?inline=nyt-org), publicly challenged Mr. Mubarak’s autocratic rule, but the Mubarak political machine steamrolled its way to its regular lopsided victory in a parliamentary vote.
The anger fueling the street protests was not new. It had been seething beneath the surface (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/29/world/middleeast/29mubarak.html?_r=1&hp) for many years, exploding at times, but never before in such widespread, sustained fury.The grievances are economic, social, historic and deeply personal. Egyptians often speak of their dignity, which many said has been wounded by Mr. Mubarak’s monopoly on power, his iron-fisted approach to security and corruption that has been allowed to fester. Even government allies and insiders have been quick to acknowledge that the protesters have legitimate grievances that need to be addressed.
In the last few years, Egypt has struggled through a seemingly endless series of crises and setbacks.The sinking of a ferry left 1,000 mostly poor Egyptians lost at sea, an uncontrollable fire gutted the historic Parliament building, terrorists attacked Sinai resorts, labor strikes affected nearly every sector of the work force and sectarian-tinged violence erupted.
And in nearly every case, the state addressed the issue as a security matter, deploying the police, detaining suspects, dispersing crowds. That was also true in 2010, even as evidence mounted of growing tension between Egypt’s Muslim majority and a Christian minority that includes about 10 percent of the approximately 80 million Egyptians.
http://www.alrai.com/img/310000/310188.jpgA Police State
Egypt’s police bureaucracy reaches into virtually every aspect of public life here, and changing its ways is no easy task, everyone concedes. Police officers direct traffic and investigate murders, but also monitor elections and issue birth and death certificates and passports. Every day, 60,000 Egyptians visit police stations, according to the Interior Ministry. In a large, impoverished nation, the services the police provide give them wide — and, critics say, unchecked — power
The Egyptian police have a long and notorious track record of torture and cruelty to average citizens. One case that drew widespread international condemnation involved a cellphone video of the police sodomizing a driver with a broomstick. In June 2010, Alexandria erupted in protests over the fatal beating by police of beating Khaled Said, 28. The authorities said he died choking on a clump of marijuana (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/m/marijuana/index.html?inline=nyt-classifier), until a photograph emerged of his bloodied face. In December 2010, a suspect being questioned in connection with a bombing was beaten to death while in police custody.Abuse is often perpetrated by undercover plainclothes officers like the ones who confronted Mr. Said, and either ordered or allowed by their superiors, the head investigators who sit in every precinct.http://a4.sphotos.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-snc6/269970_220157064700832_104224996294040_515945_3324 304_n.jpg
The government denies there is any widespread abuse and frequently blames rogue officers for episodes of brutality. Even so, for the past 10 years, officers from the police academy have attended a human rights program organized by the United Nations (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/u/united_nations/index.html?inline=nyt-org)http://www.almasdaronline.com/uploads/articles/un1-20110605-214821.jpg and the Interior Ministry
topic link
http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/egypt/index.html?scp=1&sq=eygpt&st=cse