عاطف خليفة
14-01-2008, 11:56 PM
Energy
* Vocabulary
Energy طاقة The strength of a person to something.
Energetic نشيط Full of energy.
form شكل Shape.
natural طبيعي Not manufactured.
coal فحم A kind of black mineral that burns and
supplies heat.
oil زيت -بترول A liquid which doesn’t mix with water
obtained from animals’ plants or found
underground.
wind رياح Air moving as the result of natural forces.
last تدوم To continue.
Run out ينفذ Finish or come to an end.
recordسجل للحقائق والأحداثA written statement of facts and events.
special خاص Not used or ordinary.
private خاص For the use of one person or group not
people in general.
renewيجدد - ستحدث To begin again or to replace something
out of date with another.
Renewable قابل للتجديد ,لا ينفذ Something that can be renewed.
Resource مصدر A supply of goods or raw materials that
a person or a country has or can use.
reduce خفض - يقلل Decrease xincrease.
allow يسمح To give permission.
Move about تتنقل Go here and there.
develop ينمو - يتطور To grow larger and to be more mature.
Fossils حفريات prehistoric animals or plants once buried in
earth, then hardened like rock.
Fuel وقود Any substance used for producing heat or
energy like coal, oil and natural gas.
Decay يتحلل - يفسد To cause to go bad.
Remains بقايا What is left of something.
Bury يدفن To put in the ground in a grave or in the sea.
Beneath أسفل Below.
Layer طبقةA thickness of material over surface.
Amount كمية - مقدارQuantity.
Rubbish قمامةAny thing that is thrown away as it is worthless.
Century قرنA period of 100 years.
Pump يضخTo force something like water or air out or through something.
Windmill طاحونة هواء Mills worked by the action of the wind or
sails which revolve.
Connect to تتصل بـJoin.
Turbine: مولد - موتورAn engine or motor whose driving-wheel is
turned by a current of gas or water.
Generate: يٌولِدTo cause (power)to exit or occur.
Hydro-electric power The electricity produced from water power.
Atom ذرهThe smallest unit of a chemical element.
Split ينشطر - ينقسمDivide.
Enormous هائلVery much or very large.
Release يطلق سراحTo allow someone or something to go free.
Atomic ذرى Of an atom or atoms.
Nuclear energyطاقة نووية Energy for industry produced by nuclear
fission or division.
Waste نفاية(N) material that you want to get rid of
Badly managed ذات إدارة سيئة
Extremely لغاية-جداًVery.
Blow up ينفجر Explode.
Disease مرضIllness.
Almost تقريباً Nearly.
Originally أساساً-بداية In the beginning.
CenterمركزA middle part or point.
Reaction رد فعلA response to earlier action or activity.
Radiate يشعTo send out rays of light or heat.
Soil تربة زراعيةThe upper layer of earth in which plants grow.
Really الواقع- حقاًIn fact without doubt.
Calculate يحسبTo find out by working with number
Rather than فضلاً عنIn preference to .
Turn off يطفئSwitch off. , to use a switch to stop a machine
from operating.
Recycle يعيد تصنيعTo treat a used substance so that It can be used
again.
Label نشرهA piece of paper for describing what something is.
Grammar
The present simple tense
زمن المضارع البسيط
*Uses
· .To express an action that happens again and again; (a habit).
1- للتعبير عن عادة أو حدث يتكرر.
Ex. I get up at six o’clock.
· To express a fact, which is always true.
2- للتعبير عن حقيقة.
Ex. The sun gives us light and heat.
· .To express a fact Which stays the same for a longtime; a state.
3- للتعبير عن حقيقة تظل كما هى لفترة طويلة.
Ex. I prefer swimming to riding.
* The spelling of the present simple
ملاحظات على هجاء المضارع البسيط
Verbs usually add s to the base form in the third person singular.
1.عادة تضافs للمصدر مع ضمائر الغائب المفردة.
Ex. He sells … she helps … it drinks …
2.Verbs that end in O,SS,SH, CH,X, add ES.
2.تضاف ES للأفعال المنتهية بـ O,SS,SH, CH,.
Ex. go----- goes \wash------- washes \ mix ------- mixes
cross-------crosses\ watch------watches\ fix------fixes
3.Verbs that end in a consonant + y change to ies
3.الأفعال التى تنتهى بـ y ويسبقها حرف ساكن تحول إلى ies أما إذا سبقها حرف عله فتضاف s فقط.
Ex. cry cries play plays
Fly flies stay stays
· -Adverbs of frequency with the present simple:
· -غالباً ما تستخدم ظروف التكرار مع زمن المضارع البسيط وظروف التكرار هى:
always 100% دائماً not often 25 %
usually 85 % عادةً rarely 20% نادراً
often 75 % غالباً never 0 % أبداً
sometimes 50 % أحياناً
· -Adverbs of frequency go before the main verb, but after the verb to be.
· -تقع ظروف التكرار قبل الفعل الأصلى ولكن بعد V.to be
Ex. They usually visit luxor in winter.
They are usually late for work.
· Adverbs of time
· تستخدم أيضاً ظروف الزمان مع زمن المضارع البسيط وتستخدم إما فى بداية الجملة أو فى آخرها:
Every day / at night / in the afternoon
Ex. We go to school every day.
Every day we go to school.
* The present tenses in passive
· The present tenses can be changed into the passive when the action is more important than the person who is doing it
· تستخدم أزمنة المضارع فى المبنى للمجهول عندما يكون الحدث أكثر أهمية من الشخص الذى قام بهذا الحدث.
* Form
Be / get + P.P.
· Present simple : Active
someone irons these shirts every night.
· Passive :
These shirts are ironed every night.
· Present continous : Active
Someone is mending the car.
· Passive :
The car is being mended.
· Present perfect : Active
somebody has cleaned this room.
· Passive :
this room has been cleaned.
* Prefixes
a Prefix is syllable placed in front of a ward to add to or change its meaning.
·A prefix may Give the opposite meaning.
Ex. efficient inefficient.
legal illegal.
·A prefix may tell you about the number of thing.
Ex. monosyllabic it means has one syllable.
·A prefix may tell you about the position of thing.
Ex. submarine it means under.
* Vocabulary
Energy طاقة The strength of a person to something.
Energetic نشيط Full of energy.
form شكل Shape.
natural طبيعي Not manufactured.
coal فحم A kind of black mineral that burns and
supplies heat.
oil زيت -بترول A liquid which doesn’t mix with water
obtained from animals’ plants or found
underground.
wind رياح Air moving as the result of natural forces.
last تدوم To continue.
Run out ينفذ Finish or come to an end.
recordسجل للحقائق والأحداثA written statement of facts and events.
special خاص Not used or ordinary.
private خاص For the use of one person or group not
people in general.
renewيجدد - ستحدث To begin again or to replace something
out of date with another.
Renewable قابل للتجديد ,لا ينفذ Something that can be renewed.
Resource مصدر A supply of goods or raw materials that
a person or a country has or can use.
reduce خفض - يقلل Decrease xincrease.
allow يسمح To give permission.
Move about تتنقل Go here and there.
develop ينمو - يتطور To grow larger and to be more mature.
Fossils حفريات prehistoric animals or plants once buried in
earth, then hardened like rock.
Fuel وقود Any substance used for producing heat or
energy like coal, oil and natural gas.
Decay يتحلل - يفسد To cause to go bad.
Remains بقايا What is left of something.
Bury يدفن To put in the ground in a grave or in the sea.
Beneath أسفل Below.
Layer طبقةA thickness of material over surface.
Amount كمية - مقدارQuantity.
Rubbish قمامةAny thing that is thrown away as it is worthless.
Century قرنA period of 100 years.
Pump يضخTo force something like water or air out or through something.
Windmill طاحونة هواء Mills worked by the action of the wind or
sails which revolve.
Connect to تتصل بـJoin.
Turbine: مولد - موتورAn engine or motor whose driving-wheel is
turned by a current of gas or water.
Generate: يٌولِدTo cause (power)to exit or occur.
Hydro-electric power The electricity produced from water power.
Atom ذرهThe smallest unit of a chemical element.
Split ينشطر - ينقسمDivide.
Enormous هائلVery much or very large.
Release يطلق سراحTo allow someone or something to go free.
Atomic ذرى Of an atom or atoms.
Nuclear energyطاقة نووية Energy for industry produced by nuclear
fission or division.
Waste نفاية(N) material that you want to get rid of
Badly managed ذات إدارة سيئة
Extremely لغاية-جداًVery.
Blow up ينفجر Explode.
Disease مرضIllness.
Almost تقريباً Nearly.
Originally أساساً-بداية In the beginning.
CenterمركزA middle part or point.
Reaction رد فعلA response to earlier action or activity.
Radiate يشعTo send out rays of light or heat.
Soil تربة زراعيةThe upper layer of earth in which plants grow.
Really الواقع- حقاًIn fact without doubt.
Calculate يحسبTo find out by working with number
Rather than فضلاً عنIn preference to .
Turn off يطفئSwitch off. , to use a switch to stop a machine
from operating.
Recycle يعيد تصنيعTo treat a used substance so that It can be used
again.
Label نشرهA piece of paper for describing what something is.
Grammar
The present simple tense
زمن المضارع البسيط
*Uses
· .To express an action that happens again and again; (a habit).
1- للتعبير عن عادة أو حدث يتكرر.
Ex. I get up at six o’clock.
· To express a fact, which is always true.
2- للتعبير عن حقيقة.
Ex. The sun gives us light and heat.
· .To express a fact Which stays the same for a longtime; a state.
3- للتعبير عن حقيقة تظل كما هى لفترة طويلة.
Ex. I prefer swimming to riding.
* The spelling of the present simple
ملاحظات على هجاء المضارع البسيط
Verbs usually add s to the base form in the third person singular.
1.عادة تضافs للمصدر مع ضمائر الغائب المفردة.
Ex. He sells … she helps … it drinks …
2.Verbs that end in O,SS,SH, CH,X, add ES.
2.تضاف ES للأفعال المنتهية بـ O,SS,SH, CH,.
Ex. go----- goes \wash------- washes \ mix ------- mixes
cross-------crosses\ watch------watches\ fix------fixes
3.Verbs that end in a consonant + y change to ies
3.الأفعال التى تنتهى بـ y ويسبقها حرف ساكن تحول إلى ies أما إذا سبقها حرف عله فتضاف s فقط.
Ex. cry cries play plays
Fly flies stay stays
· -Adverbs of frequency with the present simple:
· -غالباً ما تستخدم ظروف التكرار مع زمن المضارع البسيط وظروف التكرار هى:
always 100% دائماً not often 25 %
usually 85 % عادةً rarely 20% نادراً
often 75 % غالباً never 0 % أبداً
sometimes 50 % أحياناً
· -Adverbs of frequency go before the main verb, but after the verb to be.
· -تقع ظروف التكرار قبل الفعل الأصلى ولكن بعد V.to be
Ex. They usually visit luxor in winter.
They are usually late for work.
· Adverbs of time
· تستخدم أيضاً ظروف الزمان مع زمن المضارع البسيط وتستخدم إما فى بداية الجملة أو فى آخرها:
Every day / at night / in the afternoon
Ex. We go to school every day.
Every day we go to school.
* The present tenses in passive
· The present tenses can be changed into the passive when the action is more important than the person who is doing it
· تستخدم أزمنة المضارع فى المبنى للمجهول عندما يكون الحدث أكثر أهمية من الشخص الذى قام بهذا الحدث.
* Form
Be / get + P.P.
· Present simple : Active
someone irons these shirts every night.
· Passive :
These shirts are ironed every night.
· Present continous : Active
Someone is mending the car.
· Passive :
The car is being mended.
· Present perfect : Active
somebody has cleaned this room.
· Passive :
this room has been cleaned.
* Prefixes
a Prefix is syllable placed in front of a ward to add to or change its meaning.
·A prefix may Give the opposite meaning.
Ex. efficient inefficient.
legal illegal.
·A prefix may tell you about the number of thing.
Ex. monosyllabic it means has one syllable.
·A prefix may tell you about the position of thing.
Ex. submarine it means under.