عاطف خليفة
14-01-2008, 11:59 PM
Famous writers
* Vocabulary
· famousمشهور Well - known
· Fame الشهرة The condition of being known or talked about by all.
· Writer كاتب / مؤلف Author: a person who writes something.
· culture ثقافة Intellectual development in society.
· cultural ثقافى Having to do with culture.
· religion دين The belief in the existence of a supernatural power, the creator of the universe a belief in one or more gods.
· religious دينى Of a religion, having faith.
· article مقال A piece of writing, complete in itself as in a newspaper.
· matter أمر/موضوع Subject to which attention is given.
· poetry شعر The art of writing poems.
· courageous شجاع Brave.
· promoter مشجع A person who actively encourages the success of a person.
· Right حق What is morally good, legal and just.
· Male مذكر The *** that doesn’t give birth to children.
· Dominate يسيطر To have strong control, authority and influence.
· Sheikh شيخ An Arab prince or head of an Arab village.
· Meeting لقاء/اجتماع A coming together of a number of people at a
certain time and place for discussion.
· Illiterate أمى / غير قادر على القراءة أو الكتابة Unable to read or write.
· Persuade يقنع Convince to make a person believe something.
· Pen-name اسم مستعار يتخذه الكاتب
A name used by an author instead of a real name.
· tradition تقليد A habit, custom or belief that is passed to thenext
generation.
· Bring-up يربى To care for a person and give moral and social
training during childhood.
· The press الصحافة Newspapers and magazines.
· Take part يشارك Participate , contribute.
· Respect احترام The feeling of honour for a person.
· Literatureالأدب The writing or the study of books valued as works of art.
· Staff هيئة الموظفين A group of professional workers in a business.
· Research بحث A detailed study to discover new facts.
· Masterwork عمل رائع A master piece
· Include يتضمن To consider as part of the whole.
· Titleعنوان/اسم/لقب A name of a book, poem or picture.
· Various متنوع Several , Different.
· Overcome يتغلب على Get over. To be too strong for a person or a habit to defeat.
· Traditional تقليدى Relating to the traditions of a country.
· Argue يجادل to talk about a decision and express a differentopinion.
· Restrictions قيود rules or laws that limits what you are allowed to do.
· Hold يمسك to have a job or position.
· Post وظيفة an important job.
· Chair person رئيس الجلسة أو المنظمة
someone who is in charge of a meeting, organization or a department.
· As well أيضاً also.
· Witness شاهد a person who was present at an event and could describe it.
· Scholar تلميذ/طالب a person who studies a subject and knows a lot about it.
· spread ينشر to cause something to become wider
· Task مهمة/عمل a particular piece of work to be done.
· Vacation إجازة a period of time when you don’t have to work.
· Gallery صالة عرض للأعمال الفنية
a room or building where you can look at famous painting and other types of art.
· Truth الحقيقة The true facts about something.
· prejudice إجحاف/تحيز/أذى
a preconceived opinion. Harm that may result from some action or judgement.
· Advocate يدافع عن/يؤيد plead for or support.
· Promote يعزز/يشجع help forward; encourage.
· Domination تحكم/سيطرة Control
· Current جارى/حالى Belonging to the present; happening now.
· Affair أمر/شأن Matter or thing to be attended to.
· Observer مراقب/ملاحظA person who take notice of everything.
· Lifetime العمر/حياة المرء Duration of a person’s life.
· Worldwide عالمى الانتشار Through out the world.
· Diplomat دبلوماسى A member of diplomatic service.
· Opportunity فرصة Chance.
· Career مهنة/وظيفة Profession or occupation.
· Civil servantموظف فى دوائر الحكومةMember of the civil service.
· Award جائزة/مكافأة A prize given to a person for doing something.
· Member عضو A person belonging to a society or academy.
· Elect ينتخب Choose a person by vote.
· Graduate يتخرج Take academic degree.
· Theatre مسرح A building with a stage where plays are performed.
· Actor ممثل Someone who performs in a play or film.
· Company صحبة A group of actors, dancers … etc who work together.
· Playwright كاتب مسرحى Someone who writes plays.
· Verse شعر/نظم Words arranged in the form of poetry.
· Biography السيرة/ قصة حياة شخص يكتبها غيرهA book about a person’s life.
* Grammar
Past tenses and Past passives
1. The past simple tense is used to express a finished action in the past.
· يستخدم الماضى البسيط للتعبير عن حدث انتهى فى الماضى.
Ex. Taha Hussien wrote a lot of books. (Affirmative)
He didn’t write poetry. (Negative)
When did he write “AlAyam”? (Question)
2. To express actions which follow each other in a story.
· للتعبير عن أحداث تتبع كل منها الآخر فى قصة.
Ex. Mary walked into the room and stopped. She listened
carefully. She heard a noise ……
3. To express a past situation or habit.
· للتعبير عن عادة كانت تحدث فى الماضى.
Ex. When I was young, we lived in a small house.
When I visited Alex. I went for a swim everyday.
· This is often expressed with "used to" .
· وغالباً تستخدم used to مع مصدر الفعل للتعبير عن عادة كانت تحدث فى الماضى.
Ex.When we were young, we used to live in a small house.
When I visited Alex. I used to go for a walk.
* Spelling the past simple tense.
ملاحظات على هجاء الماضى البسيط.
1. Regular verbs add - ed - to the base form of the verb.
· مع الأفعال المنتظمة تضاف ed إلى مصدر الفعل.
2. When the verb ends in e , just add d
عندما ينتهى الفعل بحرف e فإننا نضيف d فقط.
Ex. lived / hated / arrived / cared / liked.
3. If the verb has only one syllable, and ends with a vowel and a consonant, the consonant is doubled.
· الأفعال ذات المقطع الواحد والمنتهية بحرف متحرك وآخر ساكن يضعف الحرف الساكن (الأخير).
Ex. stopped / robbed / planned.
4. If there are two vowels before the consonant, do not double it.
· إذا سبق الحرف الساكن حرفان متحركان فلن يكون هناك تضعيف للحرف الساكن.
Ex. cleaned / cooked / dreamed.
5. Verbs that end in a consonant + y change to
consonant + ied.
الأفعال المنتهية بحرف ساكن ثم Y تحول إلى ied.
Ex. cried / carried / hurried / burried.
6. In most two - syllable verbs, the end consonant is doubled if the stress is on the second syllable.
· فى معظم الأفعال المكونة من مقطعين يضعف الحرف الأخير الساكن.
Ex. preferred / admitted
The past simple and time expressions.
الماضى البسيط والتعبيرات الزمنية.
· We use some time expressions with the past simple such as:
· تستخدم بعض التعبيرات الزمنية مع زمن الماضى البسيط مثل:
Last night / two days ago / in 1999 / last summer.
When I was young / yesterday morning.
They usually go at one end of the sentence.
وتستخدم هذه التعبيرات فى بداية أواخر الجملة.
Ex. I visited my uncle yesterday morning.
Last summer we went to Alex.
The past simple tense (passive)
تتكون صيغة الماضى البسيط فى المبنى للمجهول من:
was
+ P.P
were
Past simple: Active
Someone stole the money.
Passive
The money was stolen.
Supposed to :
1.supposed to = should = ought to
· We use supposed toto mean should or ought to, often When we are talking about an outside authority, such as a teacher, a parent or the law.
· غالبا نستخدم Supposed to لتعنى should أو toought عندما نتحدث عن سلطة خارجية تجعلنا نؤدى هذا العمل مثل مدرس أو أحد الوالدين أو القانون.
Ex.We supposed to write a composition tonight.
(The teacher told us to do this)
وتستخدم supposed to + not فى حالة النفى.
Ex. We aren’t supposed to drive fast in the town.
(The law tells us not to do this)
· This structure can also be used with a past or future meaning.
· ويمكن أيضاً استخدام supposed to بمعنى يدل على الماضى أو المستقبل.
Ex. I was supposed to study yesterday evening, but I
was too tired.
Ex. I must hurry. I’m supposed to meet Heba at 12 O’clock.
2. Supposed to = said to
· This use of supposed to is the same it is said / believed / thought to.
· ويعد هذا الاستخدام لـ supposed to نفس الاستخدام مع
it is believed / said …… etc.
Ex. let’s go and see that film. It’s supposed to be very good.
I’m not going to read that book. It’s not supposed to be very interesting.
* Suffixes
A suffix is a letter or letters added to the end of a word to make a new one.
الـ suffix هو عبارة عن حرف أو عدة أحرف تضاف لنهاية الكلمة لتشكل كلمة جديدة.
A suffix change words to different parts of speech, for example a noun to an adjective or forms a verb to a noun.
هذا الـ suffix يغير الكلمات إلى أجزاء كلمات مختلفة من اسم إلى صفة أو من فعل إلى اسم.
* Vocabulary
· famousمشهور Well - known
· Fame الشهرة The condition of being known or talked about by all.
· Writer كاتب / مؤلف Author: a person who writes something.
· culture ثقافة Intellectual development in society.
· cultural ثقافى Having to do with culture.
· religion دين The belief in the existence of a supernatural power, the creator of the universe a belief in one or more gods.
· religious دينى Of a religion, having faith.
· article مقال A piece of writing, complete in itself as in a newspaper.
· matter أمر/موضوع Subject to which attention is given.
· poetry شعر The art of writing poems.
· courageous شجاع Brave.
· promoter مشجع A person who actively encourages the success of a person.
· Right حق What is morally good, legal and just.
· Male مذكر The *** that doesn’t give birth to children.
· Dominate يسيطر To have strong control, authority and influence.
· Sheikh شيخ An Arab prince or head of an Arab village.
· Meeting لقاء/اجتماع A coming together of a number of people at a
certain time and place for discussion.
· Illiterate أمى / غير قادر على القراءة أو الكتابة Unable to read or write.
· Persuade يقنع Convince to make a person believe something.
· Pen-name اسم مستعار يتخذه الكاتب
A name used by an author instead of a real name.
· tradition تقليد A habit, custom or belief that is passed to thenext
generation.
· Bring-up يربى To care for a person and give moral and social
training during childhood.
· The press الصحافة Newspapers and magazines.
· Take part يشارك Participate , contribute.
· Respect احترام The feeling of honour for a person.
· Literatureالأدب The writing or the study of books valued as works of art.
· Staff هيئة الموظفين A group of professional workers in a business.
· Research بحث A detailed study to discover new facts.
· Masterwork عمل رائع A master piece
· Include يتضمن To consider as part of the whole.
· Titleعنوان/اسم/لقب A name of a book, poem or picture.
· Various متنوع Several , Different.
· Overcome يتغلب على Get over. To be too strong for a person or a habit to defeat.
· Traditional تقليدى Relating to the traditions of a country.
· Argue يجادل to talk about a decision and express a differentopinion.
· Restrictions قيود rules or laws that limits what you are allowed to do.
· Hold يمسك to have a job or position.
· Post وظيفة an important job.
· Chair person رئيس الجلسة أو المنظمة
someone who is in charge of a meeting, organization or a department.
· As well أيضاً also.
· Witness شاهد a person who was present at an event and could describe it.
· Scholar تلميذ/طالب a person who studies a subject and knows a lot about it.
· spread ينشر to cause something to become wider
· Task مهمة/عمل a particular piece of work to be done.
· Vacation إجازة a period of time when you don’t have to work.
· Gallery صالة عرض للأعمال الفنية
a room or building where you can look at famous painting and other types of art.
· Truth الحقيقة The true facts about something.
· prejudice إجحاف/تحيز/أذى
a preconceived opinion. Harm that may result from some action or judgement.
· Advocate يدافع عن/يؤيد plead for or support.
· Promote يعزز/يشجع help forward; encourage.
· Domination تحكم/سيطرة Control
· Current جارى/حالى Belonging to the present; happening now.
· Affair أمر/شأن Matter or thing to be attended to.
· Observer مراقب/ملاحظA person who take notice of everything.
· Lifetime العمر/حياة المرء Duration of a person’s life.
· Worldwide عالمى الانتشار Through out the world.
· Diplomat دبلوماسى A member of diplomatic service.
· Opportunity فرصة Chance.
· Career مهنة/وظيفة Profession or occupation.
· Civil servantموظف فى دوائر الحكومةMember of the civil service.
· Award جائزة/مكافأة A prize given to a person for doing something.
· Member عضو A person belonging to a society or academy.
· Elect ينتخب Choose a person by vote.
· Graduate يتخرج Take academic degree.
· Theatre مسرح A building with a stage where plays are performed.
· Actor ممثل Someone who performs in a play or film.
· Company صحبة A group of actors, dancers … etc who work together.
· Playwright كاتب مسرحى Someone who writes plays.
· Verse شعر/نظم Words arranged in the form of poetry.
· Biography السيرة/ قصة حياة شخص يكتبها غيرهA book about a person’s life.
* Grammar
Past tenses and Past passives
1. The past simple tense is used to express a finished action in the past.
· يستخدم الماضى البسيط للتعبير عن حدث انتهى فى الماضى.
Ex. Taha Hussien wrote a lot of books. (Affirmative)
He didn’t write poetry. (Negative)
When did he write “AlAyam”? (Question)
2. To express actions which follow each other in a story.
· للتعبير عن أحداث تتبع كل منها الآخر فى قصة.
Ex. Mary walked into the room and stopped. She listened
carefully. She heard a noise ……
3. To express a past situation or habit.
· للتعبير عن عادة كانت تحدث فى الماضى.
Ex. When I was young, we lived in a small house.
When I visited Alex. I went for a swim everyday.
· This is often expressed with "used to" .
· وغالباً تستخدم used to مع مصدر الفعل للتعبير عن عادة كانت تحدث فى الماضى.
Ex.When we were young, we used to live in a small house.
When I visited Alex. I used to go for a walk.
* Spelling the past simple tense.
ملاحظات على هجاء الماضى البسيط.
1. Regular verbs add - ed - to the base form of the verb.
· مع الأفعال المنتظمة تضاف ed إلى مصدر الفعل.
2. When the verb ends in e , just add d
عندما ينتهى الفعل بحرف e فإننا نضيف d فقط.
Ex. lived / hated / arrived / cared / liked.
3. If the verb has only one syllable, and ends with a vowel and a consonant, the consonant is doubled.
· الأفعال ذات المقطع الواحد والمنتهية بحرف متحرك وآخر ساكن يضعف الحرف الساكن (الأخير).
Ex. stopped / robbed / planned.
4. If there are two vowels before the consonant, do not double it.
· إذا سبق الحرف الساكن حرفان متحركان فلن يكون هناك تضعيف للحرف الساكن.
Ex. cleaned / cooked / dreamed.
5. Verbs that end in a consonant + y change to
consonant + ied.
الأفعال المنتهية بحرف ساكن ثم Y تحول إلى ied.
Ex. cried / carried / hurried / burried.
6. In most two - syllable verbs, the end consonant is doubled if the stress is on the second syllable.
· فى معظم الأفعال المكونة من مقطعين يضعف الحرف الأخير الساكن.
Ex. preferred / admitted
The past simple and time expressions.
الماضى البسيط والتعبيرات الزمنية.
· We use some time expressions with the past simple such as:
· تستخدم بعض التعبيرات الزمنية مع زمن الماضى البسيط مثل:
Last night / two days ago / in 1999 / last summer.
When I was young / yesterday morning.
They usually go at one end of the sentence.
وتستخدم هذه التعبيرات فى بداية أواخر الجملة.
Ex. I visited my uncle yesterday morning.
Last summer we went to Alex.
The past simple tense (passive)
تتكون صيغة الماضى البسيط فى المبنى للمجهول من:
was
+ P.P
were
Past simple: Active
Someone stole the money.
Passive
The money was stolen.
Supposed to :
1.supposed to = should = ought to
· We use supposed toto mean should or ought to, often When we are talking about an outside authority, such as a teacher, a parent or the law.
· غالبا نستخدم Supposed to لتعنى should أو toought عندما نتحدث عن سلطة خارجية تجعلنا نؤدى هذا العمل مثل مدرس أو أحد الوالدين أو القانون.
Ex.We supposed to write a composition tonight.
(The teacher told us to do this)
وتستخدم supposed to + not فى حالة النفى.
Ex. We aren’t supposed to drive fast in the town.
(The law tells us not to do this)
· This structure can also be used with a past or future meaning.
· ويمكن أيضاً استخدام supposed to بمعنى يدل على الماضى أو المستقبل.
Ex. I was supposed to study yesterday evening, but I
was too tired.
Ex. I must hurry. I’m supposed to meet Heba at 12 O’clock.
2. Supposed to = said to
· This use of supposed to is the same it is said / believed / thought to.
· ويعد هذا الاستخدام لـ supposed to نفس الاستخدام مع
it is believed / said …… etc.
Ex. let’s go and see that film. It’s supposed to be very good.
I’m not going to read that book. It’s not supposed to be very interesting.
* Suffixes
A suffix is a letter or letters added to the end of a word to make a new one.
الـ suffix هو عبارة عن حرف أو عدة أحرف تضاف لنهاية الكلمة لتشكل كلمة جديدة.
A suffix change words to different parts of speech, for example a noun to an adjective or forms a verb to a noun.
هذا الـ suffix يغير الكلمات إلى أجزاء كلمات مختلفة من اسم إلى صفة أو من فعل إلى اسم.