seif yasser
11-09-2011, 06:44 AM
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الصفة هي عبارة عن كلمة لوصف شيء أو شخص
- This man is fast. Or – This car is fast.
تنقسم الصغات الي ثلاث درجات
1 2 3
He is tall Ali is taller than Heba Amr is the tallest
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file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image004.gif Big bigger than the biggest
Thin thinner than the thinnest
Heavy heavier than the heaviest
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image005.gif Happy happier than the happiest
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الصفات الطويلة هي صفات ذات أكثر من مقطع
1 2 3
expensive more expensive than the most expensive
- Choose the right answer…………….
1- My uncle is ………..than my aunt.
{ old oldest older olds }
2- This car is the …………..car in the world.
{ fastest fast faster fasting}
3- My sister is………... beautiful than this girl.
{ many most more morest}
4- This sport is …………… one in the world.
{ dangerous more dangerous the most dangerous }
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This is the tallest man, I have ever seen.
- Rewrite the following………..
1- I have never met a beautiful girl like this girl. " the most"
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
2- I think he is the strongest man , I have ever seen. " never"
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
3- My friend Toka is more beautiful than Dina. " less '
………………………………………………………………………………………………
4- No-one is older than my father in my famiy. " the oldest"
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
5-Adel is the richest man in our village. "No-one"
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
6- The house is cheaper than the villa. " The villa"
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
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Asصفة بدو ن اضافة As
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هذه القاعدة تعبر عن التساوي ولكن في حالة النفي تعبر عن عدم التساوي
وتفوق الأخير.
- Amr is as old as Hanan.
That means they are at the same age.
- Hend isn't as tall as Tamer.
That means Tamer is taller than Hend.
- No-one is as intelligent as Khaled.
That means khaled is the most intelligent.
- Rewrite the following……………
1- The mobile and the lab top are the same price. " as……as "
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
2- Seif is shorter than Toka. " as………..as "
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
3- The bag isn't as expensive as the shoes. " more.."
………………………………………………………………………………………………
4- This chair is the most comfortable. " as………as"
………………………………………………………………………………………………
5- No-one is younger than Ai. " the youngest"
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
Mr. Yasser Nassar.
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هو فعل سبق فعل أخر في الحدوث " حدث أولا "
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{ After – as soon as – till – until }
هذه الكلمات يأتي بعدها ماضي تام
- First I watched the film. Then I slept. " After "
After I had watched the film, I slept.
I slept after I had watched the film.
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به الجملة فتصبح كالتالي
- I didn't sleep until I had watched the film.
{ Before – By the time – When }
هذه الكلمات يأتي بعدها ماضي بسيط
- She visited her uncle. Then she went home. " Before"
Before she went home, she had visited her uncle.
She had visited her uncle before she went home.
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No sooner + had +sub. + P.P than …..Past simple
Hardly + had +sub. + P.P when… Past simple
Scarcely + had +sub. + P.P when….Past simple
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- They won the prize. Then they celebrated. "No sooner….than"
No sooner had they won the prize than they celebrated.
Hardy had they won the prize when they celebrated.
Scarcely had they won the prize when they celebrated.
- Rewrite the following………..
1- Ai arrived home. Then he had lunch. " after "
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
2-Mother cooked our dinner. Then we ate. " until "
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
3- As soon as we had finished the lesson, we went back. " Before"
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
4- first I made the model. Then I showed them. " till"
………………………………………………………………………………………………
5- He wrote the letter. Then he sent it. "No sooner…"
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
6- Scarcely had she gone home, she slept. " After"
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
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After I had eaten, I slept. = Having eaten , I slept.
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- Rewrite the following………..
1- After I had finished my work, I went home. " Having"
.................................................. .................................................. ...............
2- Having played the game, I had a shower. " After"
.................................................. .................................................. ................
3-She had cleaned the room before she left. " Having"
.................................................. .................................................. ...............
Mr. Yasser Nassar.
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- فعل حدث و أثره موجود
- فعل حدث منذ زمن وما زال يحدث
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Have + P. P
Has
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Key words………..
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يأتوا بين الفعل المساعد و الفعل الرئيسي
- They have just cooked. – They have already cooked.
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يأتي بعدها ( تاريخ السنة - جملةكاملة - ساعة محددة - Last…. {
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I was six
3 o'clock
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يأتي بعدها
( - فترة معدودة - { a long time –ages
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Ages.
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تأتي في اخر ( جملة منفية - سؤال يبدأ ب Have – Has )
I haven't finished my work yet.
Have you been to America yet?
Mr.Yasser Nassar
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تأتي في اخر ( سؤال يبدأ ب Have – Has )
Have you ever visited Luxor and Aswan?
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تستخدم للنفي ولكن بدون ( Not & Yet )
- I have never seen such an expensive car.
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- I last saw her when I was in Alex.=
I haven't seen her since I was in Alex.
- It's three years since I met Ali. =
I haven't met Ali for three years.
- She has just arrived home. =
She arrived a moment ago.
- Rewrite the following………..
1 - I last played football in 1999. " for"
……………………………………………………………………………………………
2- I last ate fish when I was in Marsa matrouh. " since"
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
3- She hasn't visited Luxor since 1992. " last "
……………………………………………………………………………………………
4- It's five years since I traveled to Paris. " for"
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
5- They haven't played football for four years. " It's "
……………………………………………………………………………………………
6- He has just written the letter. " ago "
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
7- She came a moment ago. " just"
……………………………………………………………………………………………
8- I have lived in Cairo since 2001. " for"
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
9-We have bought some food and drinks. " yet"
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
10-I haven't cooked lunch yet. " never"
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
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- هو فعل بدأ في الماضي و ما زال يحدث حتي وقت الكلام
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file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image035.gif Have, Has + been + v + ing.
- Key words..
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- He joined this company in 1999, he is still working there.
{ since- for }
He has been working in this company since 1999.
He has been working in this company for 11 years.
- Rewrite the following………………
1- She started playing at three o'clock. She is still paying. " since "
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
2- I began to teach in 1994. I am still teaching. " for "
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
3- They have been making furniture for ten years. " snce"
………………………………………………………………………………………………
4- Sameh has been writing stories for five years. " started"
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
Mr. Yasser Nassar.
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اعتاد أن
تستخدم للتعبير عن عادة كانت تحدث في الماضي وانتهت و لم تعد تحدث
- My father used to smoke heavily.
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- What did you use to do ?
- I didn't use to run every day.
- He used to play Tennis. Now he plays Football.
- She used to clean the house.Now she doesn't.
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معتاد دائما
تعبر عن عادة دائمة في الوقت الحاضر
- He is used to reading English stories.
- Rewrite the following………..
1-When he was ten , he played computer games. " used to"
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
2- She always helps her friends. " used to "
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
3- His habit is to walk every evening. " used to "
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
4- Her habit was to climb the tree. " used to"
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
Mr. Yasser Nassar.
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- تستخدم للتنبؤ - الوعد – التهديد – القرار السريع
- I think it will rain tomorrow.
- I will help you with your work.
- Do that or I will punish you.
- I will study hard to succeed.
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- تستخدم عند التخطيط لحدوث فعل - افعال توشك أن تحدث
- I have a plan. I am going to travel to London.
- There are a lot of clouds, It is going to rain.
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- تستخدم للتعبير عن التخطيط الكامل لحدوث الفعل.
- I arranged everything. I am playing football tomorrow.
- Rewrite the following………………………………
1- She decided to study hard. " will"
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
2- They planned to travel to America. " going "
………………………………………………………………………………………………
3- I promise to help you with your work. " will "
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
4- He arranged everything to attend the party. " attending"
………………………………………………………………………………………………
5- The sky is full of dark clouds. " rain "
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Mr. Yasser Nassar.
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- هو جملة تبدأ بالمفعول ويكون الفاعل فيها مجهول..... وخطواته كالتالي
1- نبدأ بالمفعول في أول الجملة
2- V to Be حسب زمن الفعل الموجود بالجملة
3- P.P من الفعل الرئيسي بالجملة.
4- إذا أردنا ذكر الفاعل نسبقه بكلمة By .
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image050.gif The report is written. He write the report.
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image051.gif He wrote the report. The report was written.
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image050.gif He is writing the report. The report is being written.
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image051.gif He was writing the report. The report was being written.
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image050.gif He has written the report. The report has been written.
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image051.gif He had written the report. The report had been written.
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image052.gif He will write the report. The report will be written.
Change the following sentences into passive form:
He gives me presents.
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Ahmed ate some apples.
……………………………………………………………………….
She is drawing pictures.
……………………………………………………………………..
They were mending the car.
………………………………………………………………………….
The painters have painted the house.
………………………………………………………………………….
The thief had stolen my bag.
………………………………………………………………………….
The government will build a new bridge.
…………………………………………………………………………….
Direct and Indirect Speech
الحديث المباشر و الغير مباشر
Kind of sentenceنوع الجملة
Directمُباشر
Indirectغير مُباشر
1. Statement
الجملة الخبرية
هي الجملة التي يبدأ باسم أو ضمير ثم فعل ثم باقي الجملة.
said
said to
reported
الأقواس
I
my
me
we
our
us
مضارع بسيط
مضارع مستمر
ماضي بسيط- مضارع تام
must
will / shall
can
may
said
told
reported
that
He / she
his / her
him / her
they
their
them
ماضي بسيط
ماضي مستمر
ماضي تام
had to
would
could
might
2. Imperativeالجملة الأمرية
هي الجملة التي تبدأ بفعل في المصدر إذا كانت مُثبتة و في النفي. Don’tتبدأ ب
ordered ------------------- ordered
said to ------------------ ordered / told
الأقواس لجملة مُثبتة ------------ to
الأقواس لجملة منفية ------------ not to
Ex. “Open the door, Ahmed.” Said Mrs. Nada.
Mrs. Nada told Ahmed to open the door.
3. Request الجملة الطلبية
said / said to -------- asked
الأقواس لجملة مُثبتة ---------- to
الأقواس لجملة منفية ------- not to
please ------- تُحذف
Ex. “Give me the pen, please, Mona.” said Rana.
Rana asked Mona to give her the pen.
1. Yes / No Questions
الجملة الاستفهامية
هي الجملة التي تبدأ بفعل مساعد أو فعل ناقص مثل:
is / are / was / were / do / does / did / have / has / had / can / could / will / would / may / might / shall / should.
said / said to/ asked asked
الأقواس if / whether
تكوين سؤال تكوين جملة عادية
Ex. “Do you study English, Amar?” Yasser said.
Yasser asked Amar if he studied English.
Kind of sentenceنوع الجملة
Direct مباشر
Indirect غير المباشر
2. ( Wh) Questions
الجمل الاستفهامية
هي أسئلة تبدأ بأداة استفهام مثل What / when / where / who ..
asked / said / said to -------------- asked
الأقواس ----------- تُحذف
أداة الاستفهام ------------ كما هي
تكوين السؤال ----------- تكوين جملة عادية
Ex. “How do you go to school?” Ramy said to Mona.
Ramy asked Mona how she went to school.
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"am.is.are Supposed to+ inf = should = ought to+ inf "
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1- She should study hard. " supposed"
………………………………………………………………………….
2- He shouldn't waste his time. " supposed"
……………………………………………………………………….....
3- You aren't supposed to come. " ought to "
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was, were Supposed to+ inf = should have +p.p
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file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image055.gif 1- I was supposed to get up early. " ought to"
.................................................. .........................................
2- They should have been at home. " supposed"
.................................................. ...........................................
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للتنبؤ - قرار سريع - تهديد - وعد
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للنية – التخطيط
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ترتيب كامل لحدوث فعل
1- we predict to win the game. " will "
………………………………………………………………
2- He decided to work hard. " will "
…………………………………………………………….
3- She has a plan to travel to America. " going"
………………………………………………………………….
4- He intends to invest his money. " is "
…………………………………………………………………
5- They arranged everything to start a business. " is "
…………………………………………………………………
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image062.giffile:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image063.gif
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image064.gif
Although +
Though +
However +
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image065.giffile:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image065.gif + as +
- Although he is poor, he's happy.
- However poor he is, he is happy.
- poor as he is, he is happy.
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image066.gif
Despite + Noun & V+ ing
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image067.gif In spite of + Noun & V +ing
- In spite of his poverty, he is happy.
- Despite being poor, he is happy.
- Although he is clever, he couldn't answer. " as – However"
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………….
- Although she is young, she speaks well. " In spite of "
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image068.gif
To = so as to = in order to + Inf.
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image056.gif That = so that = in order that + sub. + Can & could +inf.
- She went to France to learn French.
- She went to France so that she could learn French.
1- He works hard to make a lot of money. " so that "
…………………………………………………………………………………
2- They played well so as to win. " in order that"
………………………………………………………………………………….
3- My father reads a lot so that he can gain knowledge. " to "
………………………………………………………………………………….
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image069.gif
Due to
Owing to + V+ Ing & Noun
Because of
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image035.gif
- He couldn't come because he was ill. " Due to"
……………………………………………………………………………….
- She has a sweet voice so she sings well. " Owing to "
………………………………………………………………………………..
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image070.gif
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image071.gif Besides= In addition to + V +ing
- He works hard and helps his family. " In addition to"
………………………………………………………………………………..
- She studies and works to get money. " Besides"
……………………………………………………………………………….
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image072.gif
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image073.gif Because = since = as +
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.gif
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image074.gif
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image075.gif So = therefore= consequently = as a result
1- She didn't work at all since she was very ill. " consequently"
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2- I didn't study therefore I didn't pass the exam. " as "
………………………………………………………………………
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image076.gif
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image077.gif
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image078.giffile:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image079.gif If Present simple Will + INF.
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image079.giffile:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image079.gif If Past Simple Would + INF.
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image079.giffile:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image079.gif If had + P.P Would + have + P.P
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image055.gif
الحالة الثانية افتراض عكس الواقع - و للنصح
He isn't rich. H can't buy this villa. " If "
…………………………………………………………………………………..
You had better organize your work. " If "
……………………………………………………………………………………
الحالة الثالثة لافتراض عكس ما حدث ولذلك يحول فيها النفي الي اثبات و العكس
He didn't study so he failed. " If "
……………………………………………………………………………………..
She walked slowly, she didn't catch the train. " If "
…………………………………………………………………………………
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image080.gifلاحظ هذه الجمل
Had he worked hard, he 'd have earned a lot of money. " IF "
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image081.gif
IF + not = Unless
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image082.gif
Unless I had helped him , he wouldn't have succeeded. "If "
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
Zero conditional
If…….present simple……present simple
في حالة التحدث عن الحقائق العلمية
If we boilwater, It turns into steam.
Rewrite the following
1- freezing water makes it ice. ( If )
………………………………………………………………………
Mr.Yasser Nassar
\
Grammar
Modal verbs
Necessity and lack of Necessity الضـــرورة ونقـــص الضــــرورة
with
Present المضــــارع
It is necessary
Necessity الضـــرورة
must – have to – has to + مصـــــدر
You must study hard. الإلـزام مـن جـانـب المتكلـم
You have to study hard. الإلـزام مـن الظـروف الخارجيـة
He has to study hard.
It is necessary to pay the money.
You must ( have to ) pay the money.
It is not necessary
lack of Necessity نقـــص الضـــرورة
needn't - don't have to - doesn't have to + مصــدر
You needn't study hard. must لنـفـى
You don't have to study hard.
He doesn't have to study hard.
It is not necessary to buy meat.
You needn't ( don't have to ) buy meat.
with
Past الماضــى
It was necessary
Necessity الضـــرورة
had to + مصـــدر
You had to study hard.
He had to study hard.
It was necessary for her to take a taxi.
She had to take a taxi.
It was not necessary
lack of Necessity نقــص الضـــرورة
didn't have to + inf شئ لـم يكـن مهـم ولذلـك لـم أفعلـه
needn't have + pp شئ لـم يكـن مهـم ولكـن فعـلتـه
I didn't have to take a taxi. ( I didn't take a taxi )
I needn't have taken a taxi. ( I took a taxi )
It was not necessary for her to buy bread as I bought.
She didn't have to buy bread.
It was not necessary for me to buy milk but I bought.
I needn't have bought milk.
-It's necessary to work to a plan. " have"
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
- It isn't necessary to stay up late. " have "
………………………………………………………………………………………………
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image083.gif- It was necessary to travel abroad. " have "
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
- It wasn't necessary to buy more food . " have "
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
- She has to help the poor. " necessary "
………………………………………………………………………………………….
- They didn't have to come. " necessary"
…………………………………………………………………………………………
- He doesn't have to play for a long time. " necessary"
………………………………………………………………………………………..
- I had to attend the meeting. " necessary"
…………………………………………………………………………………………
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image083.gif
Certainty – Deduction التـأكـد ـ الاستنتـاج
with
Present
Past
I'm sure
I'm certain
I think
I believe
I imagine
certainly
must + مصـدر
شبــــه تــأكـــد
must have + pp
He must be a teacher.
I'm sure he is a doctor.
He must be a teacher.
He must have been a teacher.
I think he recorded the song.
He must have recorded the song.
can't + مصـدر
للنـفــى
can't have + pp
He can't be a teacher.
I'm sure, he isn't the killer.
He can't be the killer.
He can't have been a teacher.
I think he didn't go to the country.
He can't have gone to the country.
not sure
not certain
perhaps
probable
likely
may + مصـدر
احتمالية
عـــــدم تــأكـــد
may have + pp
He may be a teacher.
It's probable he arrives early.
He may arrive early.
He may have been a teacher.
Perhaps she phoned me.
She may have phoned me.
very not sure
very not certain
it is possible
I don't think so
I don't believe
might + مصـدر
عـــــدم تــأكـــد
مطـلـق
might have + pp
He might be a teacher.
It's possible he will come.
He might come.
He might have been a teacher.
I don't think they went out.
They might have gone out.
Mustn’t + المصــــدر
v ليست نفـى must وتستخدم للتعبيـر عـن التحـريــم أو الحظـر وتعنى أنـه لن يسمح لك بفعـل الشئ .
be forbidden
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image084.gif
Mustn’t =
be not allowed to
be prohibited
be against the law
You mustn’t park hare. It’s forbidden. = You are not allowed to park here.
It is against the law to steal money. ( mustn't )
You mustn't steal money.
ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
Exercise
Rewrite the following sentences, using the word(s) in brackets:
1- Perhaps he will arrive tomorrow. "may"
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image083.gif
3- They were late. Perhaps they missed the nine o’clock train. ( may )
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4- I am sure he was ill yesterday. ( must )
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5- It is impossible that the computer made this mistake. ( The computer )
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
6- I'm sure that Ahmed wasn't over forty. ( can't )
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
7- I don't think he will come back. ( might )
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8- It's possible that the driver didn't see the warning sign. ( couldn't )
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Grammar
Direct & Indirect speech المبـاـشر و غيـر المباشـر
الجمــلة الخبـريــة
v عنـد تحـويـل جمـلة مـن مباشـر إلى غيـر مباشـر نتبع الآتـى :ـ
v تغييرات خـارج الأقـواس :ـ
said
said file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
tell
say to file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
say
say file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
told
said to file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
tells
says to file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
says
says file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
v تحــذف الأقــواس ونـربــط بــ that أو بـدونهــا .
v يتغير الزمن داخل الأقـواس إذا كان الفعـل خـارج الأقـواس ماضى كالآتـى .
ماضى تـام
مضــارع تــام file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
مـاضى بسيـط
مضـارع بسيـط file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
ماضى تـام
ماضى بسيــط file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
ماضى مستمـر
مضـارع مستمر file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
ماضيهـا
الأفعـال الناقصة file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
must have + pp
must الاستنتاج file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
wasn't to
mustn't file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
didn't have to
needn't file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
must - have to - has to file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif had to
v تحـــول الظـروف الزمنية والمكانية كـالآتى :
yesterday file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif the day before - the previous day
tomorrow file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif the next ( following ) day
that day
today file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
then
now file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
before
ago, last file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
that night
tonight file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
there
here file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
the following
next file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
those
these file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
that
this file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
He said to me “I will travel to Port Said tomorrow”
He told me that he would travel to port said the next day.
She said to her brother, “I phoned you yesterday”
She told her brother that she had phoned him the day before.
Ahmed said to me, " I have won the prize last week."
Ahmed told me that he had won the prize the week before.
v لاحــظ :ـ إذا كـان داخـل الأقـواس أكثـر مـن جمـلة نربـط الأولـى بـ that والثانية نربطهـا بـ
v file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image087.gifand added that
She said “I didn’t attend the party. I must apologize.”
She said that she hadn't attended the party and added that she had to apologize.
الجمــلة الأمـــريـة
v يتحـول فعــل القـول إلى :ـ ordered – asked – told – advised
v فى الأمــر المثبـت نستخــدم ( المصـدر + to )
He said to his son “study hard.”
He advised his son to study hard.
v فى الأمــر المنفـى نستخـدم ( المصـدر + not to )
He said to me “don’t waste your time.”
He advised ( told ) me not to waste my time.
He said tome " Open the door and don't close the window."
He ordered me to open the door and not to close the window.
ملاحـظــات عـامـة
v لا يتـم تغييـر ما بداخـل الأقـواس فى هـذه الجمـل لأن ما بداخـل الأقواس حقيقـة علميـة.
Ali said to Ramy, “ The earth is round.”
Al told Ramy that the earth is round.
v لأن فعـل القول مضـارع بسيـط .
Rania says, “ I will travel to London.”
Rania says that she will travel to London.
v لأن الحـدث قيـل فى الحـال أو قبـل فتـرة بسيطـة.
He said just now, “ No one is allowed to leave.”
He said just now that no one is allowed to leave.
v لأن الجمـل شرطيـة لــ if الحالـة الثانيـة أو الثالثـة وبعـد wish / If only .
She said, “ If I had met him, I would have known the news.”
She said that if she had met him, she would have known the news.
He said, “ If I had the money, I would buy a car.”
He said that if he had the money, he would buy a car.
He said,” I wish I got the prize.”
He said he wished he got the prize.
v فى جمـل العـرض .
He said, “Can I help you ?"
He offered to help me.
v فى جمــل التمنـى .
He said to me, “Have a nice holiday."
She wished me a nice holiday.
v فى جمــل الاتهــام .
He said to the servant, “You stole my wallet."
He accused the servant of stealing his wallet.
v فى جمـل الاقتـراح .
He said, “Let’s swim"
He suggested swimming. He suggested that they should swim.
v الوعــد .
His father said, “If you get high mark, I’ll buy you a bike
His father promised to buy him a bike if he got high marks.
Grammar
Direct & Indirect speech المبـاـشر و غيـر المباشـر
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image088.gif
الجمــلة الإستفهــاميــة
v يتحــول فعــل القــول إلى :ـ asked – wondered - wanted to know
v الســؤال المبــدوء بفعــل مســاعـد أو ناقـص تحــذف الأقــواس ونربــط بــ if أو whether
v الســؤال المبـدوء بـأداة استفهـــام نربـــط بهــا كمــا هــى وتحــول الجمـله إلى خبـريـة
v وتحــذف do – does
ويصبـح الفعـل ماضـى بسيــط وتحــذف did ويصبــح الفعــل مـاضـى تــام .
v يتغير الزمن داخل الأقـواس إذا كان الفعـل خـارج الأقـواس ماضى كالآتـى .
ماضى تـام
مضــارع تــام file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
مـاضى بسيـط
مضـارع بسيـط file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
ماضى تـام
ماضى بسيــط file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
ماضى مستمـر
مضـارع مستمر file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
ماضيهـا
الأفعـال الناقصة file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
must have + pp
must الاستنتاج file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
wasn't to
mustn't file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
didn't have to
needn't file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
must - have to - has to file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif had to
v تحـــول الظـروف الزمنية والمكانية كـالآتى :
yesterday file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif the day before - the previous day
tomorrow file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif the next ( following ) day
that day
today file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
then
now file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
before
ago, last file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
that night
tonight file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
there
here file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
the following
next file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
those
these file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
that
this file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
She said to me, “Do you speak English ?”
She asked me if I spoke English ?”
He said to me, “where did you spend your holiday last year ?"
He asked me where I had spent my holiday the year before.
Ahmed said to me, " How much money did you earn last week?"
Ahmed asked me how much money I had earned the week before.
Ola said, " What will you do tomorrow?"
Ola asked what I would do the next day.
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Exercise
Rewrite the following sentences using the words in brackets :
1- He said, " Why were you absent ? " ( He asked why )
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2- file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image089.gifHe said to me, " Did you take my pen ? " ( If )
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3- Father said to me, " Do you want to buy a new suit ? " ( whether ))
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4- She asked her son if he had finished his homework . ( Did you finish )
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5- He said to me, " Why did you come late ? " ( He asked me )
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6- The doctor said to the patient, " Do you smoke ? " ( If )
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
7- " Have you seen the film ? " I said to Amin . ( If )
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
8- " Where can I get the book ? " said Ahmed . ( Ahmed asked where )
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9- He said to me, " How has he got the money ? " ( He asked me how )
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10- Ramy asked me if I had done my homework yet . ( Ramy said to me …… )
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
11-He says , " I'm pleased to get the prize " ( He says that )
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
12-He said , " I shall meet him at six o'clock . " ( He said that )
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
13-He said to me , " stop when the light is red . " ( He told me )
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
14-She said to her sister, " Don't play in the street " ( not to )
Exercise
Rewrite the following sentences using the words in brackets :
1. He says , " I'm pleased to get the prize " ( He says that )
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. He said , " I shall meet him at six o'clock . " ( He said that )
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. He said to me , " stop when the light is red . " ( He told me )
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. She said to her sister, " Don't play in the street " ( not to )
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. The teacher said , " " ( not to )
6. Mother said to me, " Don't be late . " ( not to )
7. " Leave me a lone, " said Mona to her friends . ( to leave )
8. He said to the pupils, " Don't leave before you finish " ( He told the pupils )
9. She said to me , " Don't write your name on the box . " ( She told me )
10. " I'm going to travel to ِAmerica . " ( He told me )
11. He said, " I went to the cinema last Monday . " ( He told me )
12. She said to me, " I'll buy a new car next month." ( She told me )
13. Ahmed said to Ali, " I have won the prize last week." ( Ahmed told Ali )
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image090.gif
Grammar
Active & Passive المعلـوم و المجهــــول
المفعـــول + V. to be التصريف الثالث + + by + الفـاعـل
Tense
Passive
Present simple
المضـارع البسيـط
( am – is – are ) + pp
Past simple
الماضى البسيـط
( was – were ) + pp
Present continuous
المضــارع المستمـر
( am – is – are ) + being + pp
Past continuous
المستمـر الماضى
( was – were ) + being + pp
Present perfect
المضــارع التـام
( have – has ) + been + pp
Past perfect
الماضى التـام
had been + pp
Future simple
المستقبـل البسيـط
will be + pp
Future perfect
المستقبـل التـام
will have been + pp
Present perfect continuous
المضـارع التام المستمر
( have – has) + been + pp
Active : The servant keeps the house clean. ( present simple )
Passive : The house is kept clean by the servant.
Active : She cleaned the room. ( past simple )
Passive : The room was cleaned by her.
Active : They are playing football. ( present continuous )
Passive : Football is being played by them.
Active : The gardener was picking the flowers. ( past continuous )
Passive : The flowers were being picked by the gardener.
Active : We have built a new house. ( present perfect )
Passive : A new house has been built by us.
Active : The teacher had explained the lesson. ( past perfect )
Passive : The lesson had been explained by the teacher.
Active : I'll visit Ahmed next week. ( future simple )
Passive : Ahmed will be visited by me next week.
Active : By next week I will have finished the report. ( future perfect )
Passive : By next week the report will have been finished.
Active : I have been reading this story. ( present perfect continuous )
Passive : This story has been read by me.
ملاحـظـات عـامـة
v إذا كانت الجملـة منفيـة بـ do not - does not احذفهمـا واستخدم am - is - are + not + pp .
Active : They don’t speak English.
Passive : English is not spoken.
v إذا كانـت الجملـة منفيـة بـ did not احــذفهـا واستخـدم was - were + not + pp .
Active : He didn’t pay the bill.
Passive : The bill was not paid.
v إذا كـان الفاعـل nobody , no one لا يستخـدم بعـد by ويحـول الفعـل إلى النفـى .
Active : Nobody has helped them.
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image090.gifPassive : They were not helped.
v إذا وجـــد بالجمــلـة الفعـــل let يحـــول إلـى allow to .
Active : I let Ahmed go out .
Passive : Ahmed was allowed to go out.
v إذا جــاء الفاعـل والمفعـول واحـد فى الجمـلة نستخـدم ضميـر عاكـس وهـذا يأتى مـع الفعـل let فقـط .
Active : He let other people laugh at him.
Passive : He let himself be laughed at.
Passive : The woman was killed by the thief who ran away.
الجمــلة الأمــــــرية
v عنـد تحـويــل الجمـلـة الأمـريــة إلى passive نستخـدم:ـ
v فى الإثبات نستخـدم :ـ
Let + مفعـول + be + pp
Close the window.
Let the window be closed.
Open the door.
Let the door be opened.
v وفى النفى نستخـدم :ـ
Don't let + مفعـول + be + pp
Don't close the window.
Don't let the window be closed.
Don’t open the door.
Don’t let the door be opened.
ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
Exercise
Rewrite using the words in brackets to give the same meaning:
1. I saw him in the tram. ( He )
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. The boys had completed work before five o'clock. ( had been )
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. The teacher was watching us in the class. ( We )
………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. They haven't informed him of the change of the plan ( He )
………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Ahmed may give you his camera. ( be )
……………………………………………………………………………………………
6. They are playing tennis. ( being )
………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. After they had heard all the speech they left. ( been )
……………………………………………………………………………………………
8. He didn't tell me anything about the accident. ( I )
……………………………………………………………………………………………
9. The postman gave her a letter this morning. ( A letter )
……………………………………………………………………………………………
10. Nobody has ever spoken to me like that before. ( I )
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Yasser Nassar
.
الصفة هي عبارة عن كلمة لوصف شيء أو شخص
- This man is fast. Or – This car is fast.
تنقسم الصغات الي ثلاث درجات
1 2 3
He is tall Ali is taller than Heba Amr is the tallest
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image003.gif
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image004.gif Big bigger than the biggest
Thin thinner than the thinnest
Heavy heavier than the heaviest
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image005.gif Happy happier than the happiest
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image003.gif
الصفات الطويلة هي صفات ذات أكثر من مقطع
1 2 3
expensive more expensive than the most expensive
- Choose the right answer…………….
1- My uncle is ………..than my aunt.
{ old oldest older olds }
2- This car is the …………..car in the world.
{ fastest fast faster fasting}
3- My sister is………... beautiful than this girl.
{ many most more morest}
4- This sport is …………… one in the world.
{ dangerous more dangerous the most dangerous }
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image003.gif
This is the tallest man, I have ever seen.
- Rewrite the following………..
1- I have never met a beautiful girl like this girl. " the most"
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
2- I think he is the strongest man , I have ever seen. " never"
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
3- My friend Toka is more beautiful than Dina. " less '
………………………………………………………………………………………………
4- No-one is older than my father in my famiy. " the oldest"
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
5-Adel is the richest man in our village. "No-one"
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
6- The house is cheaper than the villa. " The villa"
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image003.giffile:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.giffile:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.giffile:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image007.gif
Asصفة بدو ن اضافة As
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image007.gif
هذه القاعدة تعبر عن التساوي ولكن في حالة النفي تعبر عن عدم التساوي
وتفوق الأخير.
- Amr is as old as Hanan.
That means they are at the same age.
- Hend isn't as tall as Tamer.
That means Tamer is taller than Hend.
- No-one is as intelligent as Khaled.
That means khaled is the most intelligent.
- Rewrite the following……………
1- The mobile and the lab top are the same price. " as……as "
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
2- Seif is shorter than Toka. " as………..as "
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
3- The bag isn't as expensive as the shoes. " more.."
………………………………………………………………………………………………
4- This chair is the most comfortable. " as………as"
………………………………………………………………………………………………
5- No-one is younger than Ai. " the youngest"
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
Mr. Yasser Nassar.
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image008.gif
هو فعل سبق فعل أخر في الحدوث " حدث أولا "
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image009.giffile:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image009.giffile:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image010.gif
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image011.gif Had+ P.P
{ After – as soon as – till – until }
هذه الكلمات يأتي بعدها ماضي تام
- First I watched the film. Then I slept. " After "
After I had watched the film, I slept.
I slept after I had watched the film.
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image012.gif في جملة "till – until" ننفي الماضي البسيط ب "didn't ونبدأ
به الجملة فتصبح كالتالي
- I didn't sleep until I had watched the film.
{ Before – By the time – When }
هذه الكلمات يأتي بعدها ماضي بسيط
- She visited her uncle. Then she went home. " Before"
Before she went home, she had visited her uncle.
She had visited her uncle before she went home.
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image003.gif
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image013.gif
No sooner + had +sub. + P.P than …..Past simple
Hardly + had +sub. + P.P when… Past simple
Scarcely + had +sub. + P.P when….Past simple
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image014.gif
- They won the prize. Then they celebrated. "No sooner….than"
No sooner had they won the prize than they celebrated.
Hardy had they won the prize when they celebrated.
Scarcely had they won the prize when they celebrated.
- Rewrite the following………..
1- Ai arrived home. Then he had lunch. " after "
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
2-Mother cooked our dinner. Then we ate. " until "
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
3- As soon as we had finished the lesson, we went back. " Before"
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
4- first I made the model. Then I showed them. " till"
………………………………………………………………………………………………
5- He wrote the letter. Then he sent it. "No sooner…"
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
6- Scarcely had she gone home, she slept. " After"
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image015.giffile:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image015.giffile:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image016.giffile:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image003.gif
After I had eaten, I slept. = Having eaten , I slept.
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image016.gif
- Rewrite the following………..
1- After I had finished my work, I went home. " Having"
.................................................. .................................................. ...............
2- Having played the game, I had a shower. " After"
.................................................. .................................................. ................
3-She had cleaned the room before she left. " Having"
.................................................. .................................................. ...............
Mr. Yasser Nassar.
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image017.gif
- فعل حدث و أثره موجود
- فعل حدث منذ زمن وما زال يحدث
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.giffile:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.giffile:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image018.gif
Have + P. P
Has
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image018.gif
Key words………..
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image019.gif
يأتوا بين الفعل المساعد و الفعل الرئيسي
- They have just cooked. – They have already cooked.
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image020.gif
يأتي بعدها ( تاريخ السنة - جملةكاملة - ساعة محددة - Last…. {
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image021.gif Last year
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image022.giffile:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image023.giffile:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image024.gif I have played Tennis 1990
I was six
3 o'clock
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image025.gif
يأتي بعدها
( - فترة معدودة - { a long time –ages
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image026.gif Seven years.
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image027.giffile:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image028.gif I have been in London for a long time.
Ages.
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image029.gif
تأتي في اخر ( جملة منفية - سؤال يبدأ ب Have – Has )
I haven't finished my work yet.
Have you been to America yet?
Mr.Yasser Nassar
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image030.gif
تأتي في اخر ( سؤال يبدأ ب Have – Has )
Have you ever visited Luxor and Aswan?
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image031.gif
تستخدم للنفي ولكن بدون ( Not & Yet )
- I have never seen such an expensive car.
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- I last saw her when I was in Alex.=
I haven't seen her since I was in Alex.
- It's three years since I met Ali. =
I haven't met Ali for three years.
- She has just arrived home. =
She arrived a moment ago.
- Rewrite the following………..
1 - I last played football in 1999. " for"
……………………………………………………………………………………………
2- I last ate fish when I was in Marsa matrouh. " since"
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
3- She hasn't visited Luxor since 1992. " last "
……………………………………………………………………………………………
4- It's five years since I traveled to Paris. " for"
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
5- They haven't played football for four years. " It's "
……………………………………………………………………………………………
6- He has just written the letter. " ago "
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
7- She came a moment ago. " just"
……………………………………………………………………………………………
8- I have lived in Cairo since 2001. " for"
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
9-We have bought some food and drinks. " yet"
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
10-I haven't cooked lunch yet. " never"
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
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- هو فعل بدأ في الماضي و ما زال يحدث حتي وقت الكلام
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file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image035.gif Have, Has + been + v + ing.
- Key words..
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- He joined this company in 1999, he is still working there.
{ since- for }
He has been working in this company since 1999.
He has been working in this company for 11 years.
- Rewrite the following………………
1- She started playing at three o'clock. She is still paying. " since "
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
2- I began to teach in 1994. I am still teaching. " for "
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
3- They have been making furniture for ten years. " snce"
………………………………………………………………………………………………
4- Sameh has been writing stories for five years. " started"
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
Mr. Yasser Nassar.
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اعتاد أن
تستخدم للتعبير عن عادة كانت تحدث في الماضي وانتهت و لم تعد تحدث
- My father used to smoke heavily.
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- What did you use to do ?
- I didn't use to run every day.
- He used to play Tennis. Now he plays Football.
- She used to clean the house.Now she doesn't.
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معتاد دائما
تعبر عن عادة دائمة في الوقت الحاضر
- He is used to reading English stories.
- Rewrite the following………..
1-When he was ten , he played computer games. " used to"
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
2- She always helps her friends. " used to "
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
3- His habit is to walk every evening. " used to "
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
4- Her habit was to climb the tree. " used to"
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
Mr. Yasser Nassar.
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- تستخدم للتنبؤ - الوعد – التهديد – القرار السريع
- I think it will rain tomorrow.
- I will help you with your work.
- Do that or I will punish you.
- I will study hard to succeed.
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- تستخدم عند التخطيط لحدوث فعل - افعال توشك أن تحدث
- I have a plan. I am going to travel to London.
- There are a lot of clouds, It is going to rain.
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- تستخدم للتعبير عن التخطيط الكامل لحدوث الفعل.
- I arranged everything. I am playing football tomorrow.
- Rewrite the following………………………………
1- She decided to study hard. " will"
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
2- They planned to travel to America. " going "
………………………………………………………………………………………………
3- I promise to help you with your work. " will "
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
4- He arranged everything to attend the party. " attending"
………………………………………………………………………………………………
5- The sky is full of dark clouds. " rain "
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Mr. Yasser Nassar.
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- هو جملة تبدأ بالمفعول ويكون الفاعل فيها مجهول..... وخطواته كالتالي
1- نبدأ بالمفعول في أول الجملة
2- V to Be حسب زمن الفعل الموجود بالجملة
3- P.P من الفعل الرئيسي بالجملة.
4- إذا أردنا ذكر الفاعل نسبقه بكلمة By .
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image050.gif The report is written. He write the report.
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image051.gif He wrote the report. The report was written.
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image050.gif He is writing the report. The report is being written.
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image051.gif He was writing the report. The report was being written.
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image050.gif He has written the report. The report has been written.
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image051.gif He had written the report. The report had been written.
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image052.gif He will write the report. The report will be written.
Change the following sentences into passive form:
He gives me presents.
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Ahmed ate some apples.
……………………………………………………………………….
She is drawing pictures.
……………………………………………………………………..
They were mending the car.
………………………………………………………………………….
The painters have painted the house.
………………………………………………………………………….
The thief had stolen my bag.
………………………………………………………………………….
The government will build a new bridge.
…………………………………………………………………………….
Direct and Indirect Speech
الحديث المباشر و الغير مباشر
Kind of sentenceنوع الجملة
Directمُباشر
Indirectغير مُباشر
1. Statement
الجملة الخبرية
هي الجملة التي يبدأ باسم أو ضمير ثم فعل ثم باقي الجملة.
said
said to
reported
الأقواس
I
my
me
we
our
us
مضارع بسيط
مضارع مستمر
ماضي بسيط- مضارع تام
must
will / shall
can
may
said
told
reported
that
He / she
his / her
him / her
they
their
them
ماضي بسيط
ماضي مستمر
ماضي تام
had to
would
could
might
2. Imperativeالجملة الأمرية
هي الجملة التي تبدأ بفعل في المصدر إذا كانت مُثبتة و في النفي. Don’tتبدأ ب
ordered ------------------- ordered
said to ------------------ ordered / told
الأقواس لجملة مُثبتة ------------ to
الأقواس لجملة منفية ------------ not to
Ex. “Open the door, Ahmed.” Said Mrs. Nada.
Mrs. Nada told Ahmed to open the door.
3. Request الجملة الطلبية
said / said to -------- asked
الأقواس لجملة مُثبتة ---------- to
الأقواس لجملة منفية ------- not to
please ------- تُحذف
Ex. “Give me the pen, please, Mona.” said Rana.
Rana asked Mona to give her the pen.
1. Yes / No Questions
الجملة الاستفهامية
هي الجملة التي تبدأ بفعل مساعد أو فعل ناقص مثل:
is / are / was / were / do / does / did / have / has / had / can / could / will / would / may / might / shall / should.
said / said to/ asked asked
الأقواس if / whether
تكوين سؤال تكوين جملة عادية
Ex. “Do you study English, Amar?” Yasser said.
Yasser asked Amar if he studied English.
Kind of sentenceنوع الجملة
Direct مباشر
Indirect غير المباشر
2. ( Wh) Questions
الجمل الاستفهامية
هي أسئلة تبدأ بأداة استفهام مثل What / when / where / who ..
asked / said / said to -------------- asked
الأقواس ----------- تُحذف
أداة الاستفهام ------------ كما هي
تكوين السؤال ----------- تكوين جملة عادية
Ex. “How do you go to school?” Ramy said to Mona.
Ramy asked Mona how she went to school.
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"am.is.are Supposed to+ inf = should = ought to+ inf "
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1- She should study hard. " supposed"
………………………………………………………………………….
2- He shouldn't waste his time. " supposed"
……………………………………………………………………….....
3- You aren't supposed to come. " ought to "
.................................................. .........................................
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was, were Supposed to+ inf = should have +p.p
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file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image055.gif 1- I was supposed to get up early. " ought to"
.................................................. .........................................
2- They should have been at home. " supposed"
.................................................. ...........................................
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للتنبؤ - قرار سريع - تهديد - وعد
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للنية – التخطيط
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ترتيب كامل لحدوث فعل
1- we predict to win the game. " will "
………………………………………………………………
2- He decided to work hard. " will "
…………………………………………………………….
3- She has a plan to travel to America. " going"
………………………………………………………………….
4- He intends to invest his money. " is "
…………………………………………………………………
5- They arranged everything to start a business. " is "
…………………………………………………………………
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Although +
Though +
However +
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- Although he is poor, he's happy.
- However poor he is, he is happy.
- poor as he is, he is happy.
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Despite + Noun & V+ ing
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image067.gif In spite of + Noun & V +ing
- In spite of his poverty, he is happy.
- Despite being poor, he is happy.
- Although he is clever, he couldn't answer. " as – However"
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………….
- Although she is young, she speaks well. " In spite of "
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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To = so as to = in order to + Inf.
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- She went to France to learn French.
- She went to France so that she could learn French.
1- He works hard to make a lot of money. " so that "
…………………………………………………………………………………
2- They played well so as to win. " in order that"
………………………………………………………………………………….
3- My father reads a lot so that he can gain knowledge. " to "
………………………………………………………………………………….
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Due to
Owing to + V+ Ing & Noun
Because of
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- He couldn't come because he was ill. " Due to"
……………………………………………………………………………….
- She has a sweet voice so she sings well. " Owing to "
………………………………………………………………………………..
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file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image071.gif Besides= In addition to + V +ing
- He works hard and helps his family. " In addition to"
………………………………………………………………………………..
- She studies and works to get money. " Besides"
……………………………………………………………………………….
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1- She didn't work at all since she was very ill. " consequently"
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2- I didn't study therefore I didn't pass the exam. " as "
………………………………………………………………………
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الحالة الثانية افتراض عكس الواقع - و للنصح
He isn't rich. H can't buy this villa. " If "
…………………………………………………………………………………..
You had better organize your work. " If "
……………………………………………………………………………………
الحالة الثالثة لافتراض عكس ما حدث ولذلك يحول فيها النفي الي اثبات و العكس
He didn't study so he failed. " If "
……………………………………………………………………………………..
She walked slowly, she didn't catch the train. " If "
…………………………………………………………………………………
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image080.gifلاحظ هذه الجمل
Had he worked hard, he 'd have earned a lot of money. " IF "
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
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IF + not = Unless
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Unless I had helped him , he wouldn't have succeeded. "If "
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
Zero conditional
If…….present simple……present simple
في حالة التحدث عن الحقائق العلمية
If we boilwater, It turns into steam.
Rewrite the following
1- freezing water makes it ice. ( If )
………………………………………………………………………
Mr.Yasser Nassar
\
Grammar
Modal verbs
Necessity and lack of Necessity الضـــرورة ونقـــص الضــــرورة
with
Present المضــــارع
It is necessary
Necessity الضـــرورة
must – have to – has to + مصـــــدر
You must study hard. الإلـزام مـن جـانـب المتكلـم
You have to study hard. الإلـزام مـن الظـروف الخارجيـة
He has to study hard.
It is necessary to pay the money.
You must ( have to ) pay the money.
It is not necessary
lack of Necessity نقـــص الضـــرورة
needn't - don't have to - doesn't have to + مصــدر
You needn't study hard. must لنـفـى
You don't have to study hard.
He doesn't have to study hard.
It is not necessary to buy meat.
You needn't ( don't have to ) buy meat.
with
Past الماضــى
It was necessary
Necessity الضـــرورة
had to + مصـــدر
You had to study hard.
He had to study hard.
It was necessary for her to take a taxi.
She had to take a taxi.
It was not necessary
lack of Necessity نقــص الضـــرورة
didn't have to + inf شئ لـم يكـن مهـم ولذلـك لـم أفعلـه
needn't have + pp شئ لـم يكـن مهـم ولكـن فعـلتـه
I didn't have to take a taxi. ( I didn't take a taxi )
I needn't have taken a taxi. ( I took a taxi )
It was not necessary for her to buy bread as I bought.
She didn't have to buy bread.
It was not necessary for me to buy milk but I bought.
I needn't have bought milk.
-It's necessary to work to a plan. " have"
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
- It isn't necessary to stay up late. " have "
………………………………………………………………………………………………
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image083.gif- It was necessary to travel abroad. " have "
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
- It wasn't necessary to buy more food . " have "
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
- She has to help the poor. " necessary "
………………………………………………………………………………………….
- They didn't have to come. " necessary"
…………………………………………………………………………………………
- He doesn't have to play for a long time. " necessary"
………………………………………………………………………………………..
- I had to attend the meeting. " necessary"
…………………………………………………………………………………………
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Certainty – Deduction التـأكـد ـ الاستنتـاج
with
Present
Past
I'm sure
I'm certain
I think
I believe
I imagine
certainly
must + مصـدر
شبــــه تــأكـــد
must have + pp
He must be a teacher.
I'm sure he is a doctor.
He must be a teacher.
He must have been a teacher.
I think he recorded the song.
He must have recorded the song.
can't + مصـدر
للنـفــى
can't have + pp
He can't be a teacher.
I'm sure, he isn't the killer.
He can't be the killer.
He can't have been a teacher.
I think he didn't go to the country.
He can't have gone to the country.
not sure
not certain
perhaps
probable
likely
may + مصـدر
احتمالية
عـــــدم تــأكـــد
may have + pp
He may be a teacher.
It's probable he arrives early.
He may arrive early.
He may have been a teacher.
Perhaps she phoned me.
She may have phoned me.
very not sure
very not certain
it is possible
I don't think so
I don't believe
might + مصـدر
عـــــدم تــأكـــد
مطـلـق
might have + pp
He might be a teacher.
It's possible he will come.
He might come.
He might have been a teacher.
I don't think they went out.
They might have gone out.
Mustn’t + المصــــدر
v ليست نفـى must وتستخدم للتعبيـر عـن التحـريــم أو الحظـر وتعنى أنـه لن يسمح لك بفعـل الشئ .
be forbidden
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image084.gif
Mustn’t =
be not allowed to
be prohibited
be against the law
You mustn’t park hare. It’s forbidden. = You are not allowed to park here.
It is against the law to steal money. ( mustn't )
You mustn't steal money.
ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
Exercise
Rewrite the following sentences, using the word(s) in brackets:
1- Perhaps he will arrive tomorrow. "may"
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image083.gif
3- They were late. Perhaps they missed the nine o’clock train. ( may )
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4- I am sure he was ill yesterday. ( must )
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5- It is impossible that the computer made this mistake. ( The computer )
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
6- I'm sure that Ahmed wasn't over forty. ( can't )
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
7- I don't think he will come back. ( might )
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8- It's possible that the driver didn't see the warning sign. ( couldn't )
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Grammar
Direct & Indirect speech المبـاـشر و غيـر المباشـر
الجمــلة الخبـريــة
v عنـد تحـويـل جمـلة مـن مباشـر إلى غيـر مباشـر نتبع الآتـى :ـ
v تغييرات خـارج الأقـواس :ـ
said
said file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
tell
say to file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
say
say file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
told
said to file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
tells
says to file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
says
says file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
v تحــذف الأقــواس ونـربــط بــ that أو بـدونهــا .
v يتغير الزمن داخل الأقـواس إذا كان الفعـل خـارج الأقـواس ماضى كالآتـى .
ماضى تـام
مضــارع تــام file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
مـاضى بسيـط
مضـارع بسيـط file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
ماضى تـام
ماضى بسيــط file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
ماضى مستمـر
مضـارع مستمر file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
ماضيهـا
الأفعـال الناقصة file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
must have + pp
must الاستنتاج file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
wasn't to
mustn't file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
didn't have to
needn't file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
must - have to - has to file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif had to
v تحـــول الظـروف الزمنية والمكانية كـالآتى :
yesterday file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif the day before - the previous day
tomorrow file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif the next ( following ) day
that day
today file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
then
now file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
before
ago, last file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
that night
tonight file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
there
here file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
the following
next file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
those
these file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
that
this file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
He said to me “I will travel to Port Said tomorrow”
He told me that he would travel to port said the next day.
She said to her brother, “I phoned you yesterday”
She told her brother that she had phoned him the day before.
Ahmed said to me, " I have won the prize last week."
Ahmed told me that he had won the prize the week before.
v لاحــظ :ـ إذا كـان داخـل الأقـواس أكثـر مـن جمـلة نربـط الأولـى بـ that والثانية نربطهـا بـ
v file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image087.gifand added that
She said “I didn’t attend the party. I must apologize.”
She said that she hadn't attended the party and added that she had to apologize.
الجمــلة الأمـــريـة
v يتحـول فعــل القـول إلى :ـ ordered – asked – told – advised
v فى الأمــر المثبـت نستخــدم ( المصـدر + to )
He said to his son “study hard.”
He advised his son to study hard.
v فى الأمــر المنفـى نستخـدم ( المصـدر + not to )
He said to me “don’t waste your time.”
He advised ( told ) me not to waste my time.
He said tome " Open the door and don't close the window."
He ordered me to open the door and not to close the window.
ملاحـظــات عـامـة
v لا يتـم تغييـر ما بداخـل الأقـواس فى هـذه الجمـل لأن ما بداخـل الأقواس حقيقـة علميـة.
Ali said to Ramy, “ The earth is round.”
Al told Ramy that the earth is round.
v لأن فعـل القول مضـارع بسيـط .
Rania says, “ I will travel to London.”
Rania says that she will travel to London.
v لأن الحـدث قيـل فى الحـال أو قبـل فتـرة بسيطـة.
He said just now, “ No one is allowed to leave.”
He said just now that no one is allowed to leave.
v لأن الجمـل شرطيـة لــ if الحالـة الثانيـة أو الثالثـة وبعـد wish / If only .
She said, “ If I had met him, I would have known the news.”
She said that if she had met him, she would have known the news.
He said, “ If I had the money, I would buy a car.”
He said that if he had the money, he would buy a car.
He said,” I wish I got the prize.”
He said he wished he got the prize.
v فى جمـل العـرض .
He said, “Can I help you ?"
He offered to help me.
v فى جمــل التمنـى .
He said to me, “Have a nice holiday."
She wished me a nice holiday.
v فى جمــل الاتهــام .
He said to the servant, “You stole my wallet."
He accused the servant of stealing his wallet.
v فى جمـل الاقتـراح .
He said, “Let’s swim"
He suggested swimming. He suggested that they should swim.
v الوعــد .
His father said, “If you get high mark, I’ll buy you a bike
His father promised to buy him a bike if he got high marks.
Grammar
Direct & Indirect speech المبـاـشر و غيـر المباشـر
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image088.gif
الجمــلة الإستفهــاميــة
v يتحــول فعــل القــول إلى :ـ asked – wondered - wanted to know
v الســؤال المبــدوء بفعــل مســاعـد أو ناقـص تحــذف الأقــواس ونربــط بــ if أو whether
v الســؤال المبـدوء بـأداة استفهـــام نربـــط بهــا كمــا هــى وتحــول الجمـله إلى خبـريـة
v وتحــذف do – does
ويصبـح الفعـل ماضـى بسيــط وتحــذف did ويصبــح الفعــل مـاضـى تــام .
v يتغير الزمن داخل الأقـواس إذا كان الفعـل خـارج الأقـواس ماضى كالآتـى .
ماضى تـام
مضــارع تــام file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
مـاضى بسيـط
مضـارع بسيـط file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
ماضى تـام
ماضى بسيــط file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
ماضى مستمـر
مضـارع مستمر file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
ماضيهـا
الأفعـال الناقصة file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
must have + pp
must الاستنتاج file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
wasn't to
mustn't file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
didn't have to
needn't file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
must - have to - has to file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif had to
v تحـــول الظـروف الزمنية والمكانية كـالآتى :
yesterday file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif the day before - the previous day
tomorrow file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif the next ( following ) day
that day
today file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
then
now file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
before
ago, last file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
that night
tonight file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
there
here file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
the following
next file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
those
these file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
that
this file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image086.gif
She said to me, “Do you speak English ?”
She asked me if I spoke English ?”
He said to me, “where did you spend your holiday last year ?"
He asked me where I had spent my holiday the year before.
Ahmed said to me, " How much money did you earn last week?"
Ahmed asked me how much money I had earned the week before.
Ola said, " What will you do tomorrow?"
Ola asked what I would do the next day.
ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
Exercise
Rewrite the following sentences using the words in brackets :
1- He said, " Why were you absent ? " ( He asked why )
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2- file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image089.gifHe said to me, " Did you take my pen ? " ( If )
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3- Father said to me, " Do you want to buy a new suit ? " ( whether ))
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4- She asked her son if he had finished his homework . ( Did you finish )
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5- He said to me, " Why did you come late ? " ( He asked me )
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6- The doctor said to the patient, " Do you smoke ? " ( If )
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
7- " Have you seen the film ? " I said to Amin . ( If )
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
8- " Where can I get the book ? " said Ahmed . ( Ahmed asked where )
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9- He said to me, " How has he got the money ? " ( He asked me how )
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10- Ramy asked me if I had done my homework yet . ( Ramy said to me …… )
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
11-He says , " I'm pleased to get the prize " ( He says that )
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
12-He said , " I shall meet him at six o'clock . " ( He said that )
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
13-He said to me , " stop when the light is red . " ( He told me )
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
14-She said to her sister, " Don't play in the street " ( not to )
Exercise
Rewrite the following sentences using the words in brackets :
1. He says , " I'm pleased to get the prize " ( He says that )
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. He said , " I shall meet him at six o'clock . " ( He said that )
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. He said to me , " stop when the light is red . " ( He told me )
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. She said to her sister, " Don't play in the street " ( not to )
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. The teacher said , " " ( not to )
6. Mother said to me, " Don't be late . " ( not to )
7. " Leave me a lone, " said Mona to her friends . ( to leave )
8. He said to the pupils, " Don't leave before you finish " ( He told the pupils )
9. She said to me , " Don't write your name on the box . " ( She told me )
10. " I'm going to travel to ِAmerica . " ( He told me )
11. He said, " I went to the cinema last Monday . " ( He told me )
12. She said to me, " I'll buy a new car next month." ( She told me )
13. Ahmed said to Ali, " I have won the prize last week." ( Ahmed told Ali )
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image090.gif
Grammar
Active & Passive المعلـوم و المجهــــول
المفعـــول + V. to be التصريف الثالث + + by + الفـاعـل
Tense
Passive
Present simple
المضـارع البسيـط
( am – is – are ) + pp
Past simple
الماضى البسيـط
( was – were ) + pp
Present continuous
المضــارع المستمـر
( am – is – are ) + being + pp
Past continuous
المستمـر الماضى
( was – were ) + being + pp
Present perfect
المضــارع التـام
( have – has ) + been + pp
Past perfect
الماضى التـام
had been + pp
Future simple
المستقبـل البسيـط
will be + pp
Future perfect
المستقبـل التـام
will have been + pp
Present perfect continuous
المضـارع التام المستمر
( have – has) + been + pp
Active : The servant keeps the house clean. ( present simple )
Passive : The house is kept clean by the servant.
Active : She cleaned the room. ( past simple )
Passive : The room was cleaned by her.
Active : They are playing football. ( present continuous )
Passive : Football is being played by them.
Active : The gardener was picking the flowers. ( past continuous )
Passive : The flowers were being picked by the gardener.
Active : We have built a new house. ( present perfect )
Passive : A new house has been built by us.
Active : The teacher had explained the lesson. ( past perfect )
Passive : The lesson had been explained by the teacher.
Active : I'll visit Ahmed next week. ( future simple )
Passive : Ahmed will be visited by me next week.
Active : By next week I will have finished the report. ( future perfect )
Passive : By next week the report will have been finished.
Active : I have been reading this story. ( present perfect continuous )
Passive : This story has been read by me.
ملاحـظـات عـامـة
v إذا كانت الجملـة منفيـة بـ do not - does not احذفهمـا واستخدم am - is - are + not + pp .
Active : They don’t speak English.
Passive : English is not spoken.
v إذا كانـت الجملـة منفيـة بـ did not احــذفهـا واستخـدم was - were + not + pp .
Active : He didn’t pay the bill.
Passive : The bill was not paid.
v إذا كـان الفاعـل nobody , no one لا يستخـدم بعـد by ويحـول الفعـل إلى النفـى .
Active : Nobody has helped them.
file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/YASSER/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image090.gifPassive : They were not helped.
v إذا وجـــد بالجمــلـة الفعـــل let يحـــول إلـى allow to .
Active : I let Ahmed go out .
Passive : Ahmed was allowed to go out.
v إذا جــاء الفاعـل والمفعـول واحـد فى الجمـلة نستخـدم ضميـر عاكـس وهـذا يأتى مـع الفعـل let فقـط .
Active : He let other people laugh at him.
Passive : He let himself be laughed at.
Passive : The woman was killed by the thief who ran away.
الجمــلة الأمــــــرية
v عنـد تحـويــل الجمـلـة الأمـريــة إلى passive نستخـدم:ـ
v فى الإثبات نستخـدم :ـ
Let + مفعـول + be + pp
Close the window.
Let the window be closed.
Open the door.
Let the door be opened.
v وفى النفى نستخـدم :ـ
Don't let + مفعـول + be + pp
Don't close the window.
Don't let the window be closed.
Don’t open the door.
Don’t let the door be opened.
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Exercise
Rewrite using the words in brackets to give the same meaning:
1. I saw him in the tram. ( He )
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. The boys had completed work before five o'clock. ( had been )
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. The teacher was watching us in the class. ( We )
………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. They haven't informed him of the change of the plan ( He )
………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Ahmed may give you his camera. ( be )
……………………………………………………………………………………………
6. They are playing tennis. ( being )
………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. After they had heard all the speech they left. ( been )
……………………………………………………………………………………………
8. He didn't tell me anything about the accident. ( I )
……………………………………………………………………………………………
9. The postman gave her a letter this morning. ( A letter )
……………………………………………………………………………………………
10. Nobody has ever spoken to me like that before. ( I )
………………………………………………………………………………………………
Yasser Nassar
.