رجب صديق
13-06-2008, 08:37 PM
(1) If (مضارع بسيط) (will, can/may + (مصدر)
(2) If ماضي بسيط would, could, might +مصدر
(3) If (ماضي تامHad + p.p.) would have p.p.
(4) If مضارع بسيط مضارع بسيط (Zeroحقائق )
Choose the right word from those in brackets:
1- If I (see -saw -had seen-sees) an interesting book in the bookshop, I'11 buy it.
2- If I had enough money, I (would - would have - would have had - will have) buy a car.
3- (You would be-You will be-Would you have been-Would you be) happy if you achieved your goals.
4- If he (listens-listened-had listened-listen) to his father's advice, he would have a good job.
5- If I had been richer, I (will have - would have - would - will) changed my old fiat.
6- If he had failed, he (would have gone-would go-would not have gone would have not gone) to Alex.
7- (If-unless - if not - Hadn't) he had been careful, he would have made an accident.
8- Unless your car (repaired-had repaired-was repaired-didn't repair), it would stop working altogether.
9- If he comes late, he (will punish - would punish - will be punished -would be punished).
10- If water freezes, it (turns-would turn-turn-would have turned) into ice.
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- It is fine today so, we can go for a swim. (If)
- If it wasn't fine today, we couldn't go for a swim.
2- He couldn't buy the car because he didn't have enough money. (If)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
3-Take an aspirin and your headache may get better. (If)
-If you take an aspirin, your headache may get….
4- Eating rich food leads to indigestion. (If)
-If you eat rich food, you may get (have) indigestion.
If......... not = unless = إلا إذا In that case
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1-Unless he works hard, he will fail. (If)
- If he doesn't work hard, he will fail. Or If he works hard, he won't fail.
2-If he didn't work hard, he would fail. (Unless)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
3-If you are a member; you are allowed to enter the club. (Unless)
-Unless you are a member, you aren't allowed.
unless +فعل + فاعل = without / But for + او اسم v+ ing .
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1-Unless you worked hard, you would fail. (Without)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………
2-Without building the high Dam, We would suffer from famine and drought. (Unless)
- Unless we built the high Dam, we would……………………..
3-Without computers, we wouldn't achieve much progress. (If it)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
4- Ali can hear only if you shout. (unless)
- Ali can't hear unless you shout.
if = only if = Provided (that) = providing (that) = as long as
Choose the right word from those in brackets:
1-The Nile will stay beautiful (as long as- unless-if not - without) we stop dumping chemicals into it.
2-The Nile will remain polluted (as long as-if not-unless-without) we stop dumping rubbish into it.
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
3- If you don't have a car, you can't make at tour. (Without)
- Without having a car, you ……………………………………......
Had better = should = ought to يجب = If I were you , I would… = It's a good idea to… = it's advisable to… = It's desirable to من المستحسن = you are supposed to من المفروض
================================================== ===============
Had better not = shouldn't = oughtn't to = It's not a good idea to = It's inadvisable to = It is undesirable to = You aren't supposed to يجب الا / ليس من المستحسن / من المفروض
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- You shouldn't go out in this cold weather without a coat. (better not)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
2- You should read this book, it's interesting. (ought)
- You ought to read this ……………………..
3- I think you should do your homework before you watch television. (better)
- I think you had better do your homework before you watch television.
4- You should make a study plan to organise your work. (good idea)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
5- It's not a good idea to travel during rush hours. (avoid)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
6- He asked me what I thought he should do. (advice)
- He asked me for advice.
7- If I were you, I would apply for the job. (advice)
- My advice to you is to apply for job.
للتعبير عن الاقتلراح نستخدم:
* How about = what about v + ing
* Why don't we = shall we = let's + مصدر
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- Why don't you phone Dalia and ask her to come to dinner. (How)
- How about phoning Dalia and asking her to come to dinner.
2- Let's go to the beach on Saturday. (How)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
3- Why don't we go for a swim tomorrow? (suggested)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
* borrow ………………. fromيستلف
* owe + يدين صاحب الدين
* lend, lent, lent ............ toيسلف
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- Ali borrowed a tennis racket from Usama. (lent)
- Usama lent Ali a tennis racket. or Usama lent a tennis racket to Ali.
2- Could you lend me your camera? (borrow)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
3- Mary lent Sheila her dictionary. (borrow)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
4- I owed Osama five pounds. (borrow)
- I borrowed five pounds from Osama
Like اسم)/ v+ ing) more than / better than (اسم / v + ing)
Prefer (/اسم v+ing) toاسم) / v+ ing ) يفضل
Would rather مصدر) ) than يفضل (مصدر)
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- I like playing tennis better than Swimming. (prefer) (would rather)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
2- I prefer tea to coffee. (like)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
1- Although - Even though + مع أن فعل + فاعل
2- In spite of – Despite – Regardless of + V+ng بالرغم من اسم +
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- Although he is poor, he is happy. (despite)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
2-He is my brother but we don't look a like. (although)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
3- I like most pop music but not rap. (although)
- Although I like most pop music, I don't like rap.
4-1 like football but I am not good at it. (although)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
ملحوظة مع الفعل (like) نضع (though) محل (but) و ليس في أول الجملة كالمعتاد بشرط أن يكون المفعول واحد.
5- Despite not being very tall, he is a good basketball player. (but)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
After /As soon as / when بمجرد أن ماضي بسيط) ( ماضي تام) )
didn't مصدر ( دائما ننفى الحدث الثاني) until had+ p.p.ماضي تام
Before/ By the timeماضي بسيط ماضي تام
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- First, he had his dinner. Then, he went for a walk. (After)
- After he had had his dinner, he went for a walk.
2- I heard the news on the radio and immediately I telephoned Nadia. (as soon as)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
3- I finished my homework and afterwards I want to the club. (By the time)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
Choose the right word from those in brackets:
4- When I got off the bus I found out that I (forget - forgot - forgetting - had forgotten) my bag.
5- When I arrived at the theatre last night, the play (had just started - just started - just had started - just started).
6- Having finished his studies, he travelled abroad. (as soon as)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
-I'd be grateful if you could + مصدر
1- Please, clean the bathroom after taking a shower. (grateful)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
People say that +فعل + فاعل
الطريقة الأولى
(1) نضع (it) في أول الجملة ، ونبني الفعل say للمجهول كالآتي:
(1) It (is said) that + الجملة الثانية كما هي
الطريقة الثانية
(1) نبدأ بفاعل الجملة الثانية الموجود بعد (that) (2) نبني الفعل say للمجهول ((is said (3) ثم نضع (المصدر+to) كالآتي:
(2) فاعل الجملة الثانية ( is said ) to+ مصدر
* نستخدم هذا التركيب ماضي بسيط (that) إذا كان الفعل الذي يأتي بعد كلمة
(3)فاعل الجملة الثانية ( is said ) to have P.P.
و ذلك في حالة استخدام الطريقة الثانية فقط.
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- People say that Akkad is genius. (It) (to be)
- It is said that Akkad is genius.
- Akkad is said to be genius.
2- People (think, believe, expect, report, allege that................... (It)
- It is (thought, believed, expected, reported, alleged that...................
*الأفعال الآتية تعامل معاملة الفعل(say) في المجهول:
يقول يعتقد يزعم / يدعى يعرف يفهم يتوقع يبلغ يعتقد
Say believe Allege Know Understand Expect Report Think
said believed alleged known understood expected reported Thought
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
3- It's believed that the moon is uninhabited. (The moon)
- The moon ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
4- TV is said to waste our time. (It)
- ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
5- It's reported that the criminal ran away. (People)
- ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
Reflexive Pronouns الضمائر المنعكسة
• الضمائر المنعكسة هي التي تنعكس على ذات الفاعل:
I
myself
we
ourselves
you
yourself- yourselves
he
himself
she
herself
it
itself
they
themselves
one
oneself
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- Aly and Alaa were injured when they fell off their bicycles. (themselves)
- ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
2- Students should learn to be Independent learners. (themselves)
- ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
3- He lives alone. (by) (on)
- He lives by himself. - He lives on his own. By + ضمير منعكس
Need +to be+ P.P.قاعدة
نستخدم هذا التعبير عندما نقول أنة من الضروري أن يحدث الشئ و لكن ليس من الضروري ان نقول من سيفعل الشئ
need v + ing / اسم need to be + p.p.
Ex. need cleaning need to be cleaned
Ex. Need a mend need to be mended
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- I have to get my car repaired. (needs)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
2- These trees need cutting. (to)
- These trees need to be cut.
3- Prisoners are in need of kind treatment. (need to)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
4- Old schools need to be demolished. (demolishing )
- Old schools need demolishing
*
* Be sorry that فاعل + فعل = Be sorry for + (v + ing)
= apologised to شخص for + (v + ing) = apologised for + (v + ing)
* apologised for not v + ingفي النفي
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- Aly told the teacher that he was sorry he had forgotten his book. (apologized)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
2- Aly said to me, "I was sorry I didn't come on time." (apologized) (regret)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
* blame شخص for * accuse شخص of * charge شخص with * keen on حريص علي
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- I don't like going to the cinema very much. (keen)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
2- He said that Adel had caused the accident. (blamed)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
3- The police said that the banker had taken a lot of money illegally. (charged) ( accused)
- The police charged the banker with taking.
- The police accused the banker of taking.
* The function of اسم is to مصدر
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- The heart pumps blood around the body. (function)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
* Be adapted to = be changed to
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- People build houses in different ways to suit the climate. (adapted)
- People's houses are adapted to suit the climate.
The comparative and superlative
صفات المقارنة و صفات التفضيل
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- It's the best film I have ever seen. (never)
-I have never seen such a good film.
2- It's the most delicious cake I have ever had. (never)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
3- I have never seen such an exciting match. (ever)
- It's the most exciting match I have ever seen.
(not so …..... as) في الجملة أو( not as……..... as ) في حالة وجود
(more صفة than ) أو( صفه er )Thanفإنها تحول إلي
ولابد أن نبدأ بالمقارن الثاني , والعكس صحيح
في الجملة فإنها تحول إلي:the (most + صفه) أو (The صفه est) في حالة وجود
( No other) / (No)+( (اسم ( as صفة طويلة أو صفة قصيرة as)
او
(No other) / ( No ) + ( اسم) ( صفه er than ) ( moreصفه than والعكس صحيح
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- Aly is not as tall as Mona. (taller) - Mona is taller than Aly.
2- Aly is not so intelligent as his sister. (Aly's)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
3- The Nile is longer than the Amazon. (as...... as )
- The Amazon is not as long as the Nile.
4- The bus is more expensive than the car. (as …… as)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
لاحظ هذا التركيب:
1- Aly is the cleverest pupil in the class. (No other) - No other pupil is cleverer than Ali.
2- Aly is the most intelligent pupil of all his friends. (No pupil) (more)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
لاحظ هذا التركيب:
1-1 expected the match to be exciting but it wasn't. (The match)
- The match wasn't exciting as I expected.
2-1 have never seen such an exciting film before. (It's)
- It's the first time I have ever seen such an exciting Him.
1- Finland is colder than Egypt. (as hot as)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2- If you read a lot of books, you will gain more knowledge. (The more)
- The more books you read, the more knowledge you'll gain.
3- This winter is (more cold - more colder - much colder - coldest) than last winter.
في حالة وجود
* For فترة لا تطرح since
* فترة لا تطرح ago since
*It's فترة زمنية لا تطرح since+نستخدم التركيب الآتي ماضي بسيط +فاعل
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Since forمضارع تام منفي
Last / The last time for مضارع تام منفي
Last / The last time since مضارع تام منفي
Since - for last / The last time ماضي بسيط مثبت
لاحظ هذا التركيب:
مضارع تام مستمر (for) started to / began to مصدر ago
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- I have learned English for seven years. (since) - I have learned English since 1995.
2- I haven't seen any strange animals for ages. (since)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3- It's five years since I had a holiday. (for) - I haven't had a holiday for five years.
4- The train left the station an hour ago. (since)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
5- The last time I saw him was in 1999. (since) - I haven't seen him since 1999.
6-1 last ate fish when I was in Alex. (haven't) - I haven't eaten-fish since I was in Alex.
7- The last time I met him was last year. (for)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
8- It hasn't rained here for years. (The last time)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
9-1 haven't driven a car since I had an accident. (last) -I last drove a car when I had an accident.
Active and passive
المبنى للمعلوم و المبنى للمجهول
• لتحويل الجملة الخبرية من معلوم إلى مجهول نتبع الآتي:
1- نبدأ الجملة بالمفعول. 2- نبنى الفعل للمجهول(be +P.P.) 3- نضع كلمة (by) و يمكن أن تحذف و يليها فاعل الجملة.
4- ضمائر الفاعل تحول إلى ضمائر مفعول و العكس صحيح كالاتى:
♠ (I) me ♠ (we) us ♠ (He) him ♠ (she) her ♠ (they) them
Ex. Mary helps John.
John is helped by Mary.
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- Doctor test athletes regularly for drugs nowadays. (Athletes) - Athletes are regularly tested for drugs.
2- They dug a well to get water. (A well) - A well was dug to get water.
3- Mona was cleaning the house when I arrived. (The house) - The house was being cleaned by Mona.
4- Reda has just finished these report. (been) - These report have just been finished by Reda.
5- He gave me a present. (A present) - A present was given to him.
6- He is going to write the letter. (The letter) - The letter is going to be written.
7- He will have to help her. (She) - She will have to be helped.
8- He didn't punish her for what she done. (wasn't)
- She wasn't punished for what.........
9- He didn't forget any thing. (Nothing)
- Nothing was forgotten by him.
10- The government will have built many schools by 2020. (been) - Many schools will have been built.
11- He got a mechanic to repair his car. (had) - He had his care repaired.
12- He got a decorator to paint his Hat. (had) - He had his flat painted.
13- Many projects have been carried out all over Egypt. (The government)
- The government has carried out many projects.
14- Cotton is cultivated in Egypt. (Farmers) - Farmers Cultivate cotton in Egypt.
Since - for – ago
* تأتي بعد (for) الفترة الزمنية كلها:
(for) years, months , weeks, hours, days, the last year, agesعصور , a long time, centuries
* تأتي بعد (since) بداية الفترة الزمنية:
(Since) 1999, July, 7 o'clock, Monday, last year, childhood , departure, lunch time, the summer holiday, then, this time, the age ofمنذ سن
*أما (ago )تأتي بعد الفترة (المدة) الزمنية، تستخدم مع زمن الماضي البسيط.
ago فترة زمنية ماضي بسيط
Choose the right word from those in brackets:
1- I haven't seen him (since - for - ago) 1999, Mayمايو, Friday, 6 o'clock yesterday, last wee! then, this morning the summer, lunch time, he went abroad, his childhood, his departure.
2- I haven't seen him (since-for-ago) 3 years, 3 months, 3 days, 3 hours, the last wee a long time centuries, 3 weeks.
3- He lived in Sohag 10 years (for - ago - since- yet).
4- He lived in Sohag (for - since - ago - in) 1999.
The same as نفس / Similar to مشابه
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- Ali and Alaa are the same age. (old) - Ali is as old as Alaa.
2- My car and yours are the same price. (expensive) - …………………………………………………….
3- Ali is as tall as Hassan. (same) - Ali and Hassan are the same height.
4- Cheese is (the same - same - similar - some) to butter.
* Because / since / As / for +فعل + فاعل (جملة كاملة) (لان )
* Because of / owing to / Due to / Through / on account ofاسم / v+ing(بسبب)
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- They put off the meeting because the boss was absent. (because of)
-They put off the meeting (because of, due to, owing to) the absence of the boss.
2-They cancelled the match as the weather was bad. (Owing to)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
No sooner + had + فاعل + P.P than ماضي بسيط
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- After he had finished his work, he went to the club. (No sooner)
- He had no sooner finished his work than he went to the club.
Not onlyفعل + فاعل + فعل مساعد but alsoالجملة الثانية .........ليس فقط ... بل / و لكن أيضا
Not onlyفعل + فاعل + فعل مساعد + الجملة الثانية as well .........
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- He succeeded in the exam. He got high marks. (Not only)
- He not only succeeded in the exam but also he got.........
to = in order to = so as to +المصدر لكي
will can may
So thatفاعل / In order that+ فاعل + / / + مصدر حتى / لكي
would could might
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- He went to the club. He wanted to play. (so as to)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2- She want to be a doctor. She will join the faculty of medicine. (so that)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Who - Whom - Which – Whose
• كيف نربط باستخدام ضمير الوصل (المأذون):
1- نحدد المكرر في الجملتين. 2- نحذف المكرر في الجملة الثانية و نأتي بضمير الوصل المناسب.
3- نكتب المكرر في الجملة الأولى ثم الجملة الثانية مبتدئه بضمير الوصل ثم باقي الجملة الأولى كالآتي:
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- The teacher praised the pupil. He got high marks. (Who)
The teacher praised the pupil who got high marks.
2- This is the pupil. The teacher has punished him. (Whom)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3- The dog was rescued by the man. It fell into the hole. (which)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
One advantage of is to
One disadvantage of is to
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- It's unfortunate fact that (من المؤسف) that cars cause pollution. (One disadvantage)
- One disadvantage of Cars is that they cause pollution
2- It's a fortunate fact that having a car saves your time and effort. (One advantage)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3- He joined the police on his 21 birthday and he is still a police officer. (Since)
-He has been a police officer since his 21 birthday.
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1-Can I borrow your dictionary, please? (mind)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2- I am happy to work this evening. (mind)
3-He got high marks. I congratulated him. (on)
- I congratulated him on getting high marks.
4- I came late. I apologized to him. (for)
5- It is not possible that he caught the bus. (couldn't)
- He couldn't have caught the bus.
6- It's impossible that he didn't hear the warning. (must)
- He must have heard the warning
7- It's impossible that he escape through the window. It was barred. (can't)
Direct and Indirectالكلام المباشر و الكلام غير المباشر
* Statement جملة خبرية * questionسؤال * Commandجملة أمرية
1—لتحويل الجملة الخبرية من مباشر إلى غير مباشر نتبع آلاتي:
التغيير يشمل: أ) فعل القول ب) الروابط جـ)الضمائر د)الأزمنة د) الظروف
*said to told
* Said said
* Say to tell * Say say
* نحذف الأقواس و نربط الجملة بكلمة(that) و يمكن أن تحذف.
2- في الجملة الاستفهامية:
*said to
asked
said
Asked, wondered, inquired, wanted to know
Say to
Ask
say
Ask, wonder, inquire, want to know
* نحذف الأقواس و نربط الجملة بأداة الاستفهام إن وجدت وهى (Wh- How) و في حالة وجود أداة استفهام نربط الجملة بـ((If أو (whether) ثم نقدم الفعل المساعد على الفاعل و نحذف علامة الاستفهام.
3- في الجملة الامريه:
Said to
ordered إذا كان الكلام من الأكبر إلى الأصغر
Said to
begged إذا كان الكلام من الأصغر إلى الأكبر
Said to
Told, asked إذا كان الكلام بين شخصين متساويين
Said to
advise في حالة النصيحة
* نحذف الأقواس و نربط الجملة بكلمة(to) في الأمر المثبت.
* و في الأمر المنفى نحول (Don't) إلى (not to).
* تتغير ضمائر المتكلم و المخاطب داخل الأقواس و لا يحدث تغيير في ضمائر الغائب:
متكلم مخاطب غائب
x x
I - we You He- she – it - they
إذا كان فعل القول في المضارع لا تتغير الأزمنة داخل الأقواس.
إذا كان فعل القول في الماضي تتغير الأزمنة داخل الأقواس كالاتى.
مضارع بسيط ماضي بسيط
Go went
مضارع مستمر ماضي مستمر
Is going was going
مضارع تام ماضي تام
Has gone had gone
ماضي بسيط ماضي تام
Went had gone
will go Would go
تتغير الظروف الزمنية و أدوات الإشارة حسب الجدول الاتى:
كلام مباشر كلام غير مباشر كلام مباشر كلام غير مباشر
yesterday The day before
The previous day Today - tonight That day
Last week – year The week before This - these That - those
A week ago A week before Thus So
Tomorrow the next day here There
Next – week - month The following week now then
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- She said to her mother, "I felt hungry." (told)
She told her mother that she had felt hungry.
2- Zaki said, "I have finished reading the review." (Zaki said that)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3-The pupil said to his teacher, " I am sorry that I didn't come on time." (apologized)
The pupil apologized to his teacher for not coming on time.
4- I said to my friend, "I am sorry, I didn't warn you."
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
5-"What's your full name?" (He asked me)
He asked me what my full name was.
6- Have you done your homework? (He asked her)
He asked her if she had done her homework.
7- "What are you doing now?" (He asked me)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
8- Have you eaten all your food? (She asked her son)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
9- "Please, turn off the lights before you go to bed." (asked)
He asked me to turn off the lights before I went to bed.
10- "Make haste," "Don't forget your bag." (He asked me)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
11- " If I were you, I'd travel abroad." (He advised me)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
12-"Let's play tennis, tonight." (She suggested)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
13- "If you need any help, ring me on 4606526." (He asked me)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- I'll have to give the horse an injection. (The vet said)
- The vet said that he would have to or had to give the horse an injection.
2- I spent a lot of time in hospital last year. (She complained)
- She complained that she had spent a lot of time in hospital the year before.
3- Why didn't Ahmad go to school yesterday? (The teacher wanted to know)
-The teacher wanted to know why Ahmad hadn't gone to school the day before.
4- How long will you be staying here? (Could you tell me…..?)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
5- Please, turn off the lights before you go to bed. (He asked me)
- He asked me to turn off the lights before I went to bed.
6- Don't for get to turn off the lights before going to bed. (He asked me)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
7- She said that she would do the shopping before she wrote her letter. (She said)
- She said, I will do the shopping before I write my.
8- He asked me if I had heard that Ali was in hospital. (said to)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
9- He asked me about the price of my father's new car. (said to)
- He said to me," How much is your father's new car? "
10- The teacher advised me to study hard and not to waste my time. (said to)
- The teacher said to me, "Study hard. Don't waste your time."
Question tag السؤال المذيل
يستخدم السؤال المذيل لتوكيد الجملة الخبرية و هو بمعنى "أليس كذلك"
إذا كانت الجملة مثبتة كان السؤال المذيل منفيا, إذا كانت الجملة منفية كان السؤال المذيل مثبتا.
نستخدم نفس الفعل المساعد الموجود في الجملة(الفعل الناقص(Be - Have - .
في حالة عدم وجود فعل مساعد سابق, نستخدم(do – does – did).
نستخدم نفس الضمير الموجود في الجملة, و إذا كان الفاعل اسما نستخدم الضمير الذي يحل محلة.
*Aly = he * Hoda = she *boys = they
*This – That = (He – She) (it) * These – those = they * There = there
نستخدم الصيغة المختصرة في النفي(n't).
لاحظ الصيغة المختصرة للأفعال المساعدة الآتية:
* Will won't
*Can can't
*Shall shan't
لاحظ التعبيرات الآتية:
* 'd better = had better * 'd rather = would rather
في حالة استخدام (I'm) نستخدم aren't I? في السؤال المذيل.
إذا كان (v. to have) فعل رئيسي في بمعنى يملك نستخدم (do – does – did).
الكلمات الآتية تعامل معاملة (n't).
(hardly – rarely – seldom – scarcely – never) = n't
في حالة الأمر نستخدم: will you? Or won't you?
Choose the right word from those in brackets:
1- He is very happy, (is he - isn't he - he is - he isn't)?
2- He has finished on time, (has he - hasn't he - doesn't he - does he)?
3- He has a small track, (has he - hasn't he - doesn't he - he does)?
4- Aly won't attend the party; (will he - he will - won't he - will Aly)?
5- Hoda cleans the room, (does she - isn't she - doesn't she - she does)?
6- Aly's on holiday, (isn't he - hasn't he - is Aly - isn't Aly)?
7- She doesn't like onion, (she does - does she - is she - has she)?
8- I am a teacher, (am I - amn't I - aren't I - I am)?
9- I am not a doctor, (am I - I am - I am not - am not I)?
10- He's never come late,(has he - hasn't he - is he - isn't he)?
11- You'd better take a taxi, (you would - you hadn't - hadn't you - wouldn't you)?
12- Jenny's applied for the job, (has she - hasn't she - isn't she)?
13- They invited us to the party, (did they - didn't they - don't they)?
14- You weren't listening, (were you - was you - weren't you - you were)?
15- Listen,..................... ....................................?
16- Fine, ................................ .........................?
17- Let's eat lettuce, ............... .........................?
18- Let us go,............................................... ....?
19- I think they will come, ................................?
(2) If ماضي بسيط would, could, might +مصدر
(3) If (ماضي تامHad + p.p.) would have p.p.
(4) If مضارع بسيط مضارع بسيط (Zeroحقائق )
Choose the right word from those in brackets:
1- If I (see -saw -had seen-sees) an interesting book in the bookshop, I'11 buy it.
2- If I had enough money, I (would - would have - would have had - will have) buy a car.
3- (You would be-You will be-Would you have been-Would you be) happy if you achieved your goals.
4- If he (listens-listened-had listened-listen) to his father's advice, he would have a good job.
5- If I had been richer, I (will have - would have - would - will) changed my old fiat.
6- If he had failed, he (would have gone-would go-would not have gone would have not gone) to Alex.
7- (If-unless - if not - Hadn't) he had been careful, he would have made an accident.
8- Unless your car (repaired-had repaired-was repaired-didn't repair), it would stop working altogether.
9- If he comes late, he (will punish - would punish - will be punished -would be punished).
10- If water freezes, it (turns-would turn-turn-would have turned) into ice.
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- It is fine today so, we can go for a swim. (If)
- If it wasn't fine today, we couldn't go for a swim.
2- He couldn't buy the car because he didn't have enough money. (If)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
3-Take an aspirin and your headache may get better. (If)
-If you take an aspirin, your headache may get….
4- Eating rich food leads to indigestion. (If)
-If you eat rich food, you may get (have) indigestion.
If......... not = unless = إلا إذا In that case
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1-Unless he works hard, he will fail. (If)
- If he doesn't work hard, he will fail. Or If he works hard, he won't fail.
2-If he didn't work hard, he would fail. (Unless)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
3-If you are a member; you are allowed to enter the club. (Unless)
-Unless you are a member, you aren't allowed.
unless +فعل + فاعل = without / But for + او اسم v+ ing .
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1-Unless you worked hard, you would fail. (Without)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………
2-Without building the high Dam, We would suffer from famine and drought. (Unless)
- Unless we built the high Dam, we would……………………..
3-Without computers, we wouldn't achieve much progress. (If it)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
4- Ali can hear only if you shout. (unless)
- Ali can't hear unless you shout.
if = only if = Provided (that) = providing (that) = as long as
Choose the right word from those in brackets:
1-The Nile will stay beautiful (as long as- unless-if not - without) we stop dumping chemicals into it.
2-The Nile will remain polluted (as long as-if not-unless-without) we stop dumping rubbish into it.
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
3- If you don't have a car, you can't make at tour. (Without)
- Without having a car, you ……………………………………......
Had better = should = ought to يجب = If I were you , I would… = It's a good idea to… = it's advisable to… = It's desirable to من المستحسن = you are supposed to من المفروض
================================================== ===============
Had better not = shouldn't = oughtn't to = It's not a good idea to = It's inadvisable to = It is undesirable to = You aren't supposed to يجب الا / ليس من المستحسن / من المفروض
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- You shouldn't go out in this cold weather without a coat. (better not)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
2- You should read this book, it's interesting. (ought)
- You ought to read this ……………………..
3- I think you should do your homework before you watch television. (better)
- I think you had better do your homework before you watch television.
4- You should make a study plan to organise your work. (good idea)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
5- It's not a good idea to travel during rush hours. (avoid)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
6- He asked me what I thought he should do. (advice)
- He asked me for advice.
7- If I were you, I would apply for the job. (advice)
- My advice to you is to apply for job.
للتعبير عن الاقتلراح نستخدم:
* How about = what about v + ing
* Why don't we = shall we = let's + مصدر
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- Why don't you phone Dalia and ask her to come to dinner. (How)
- How about phoning Dalia and asking her to come to dinner.
2- Let's go to the beach on Saturday. (How)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
3- Why don't we go for a swim tomorrow? (suggested)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
* borrow ………………. fromيستلف
* owe + يدين صاحب الدين
* lend, lent, lent ............ toيسلف
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- Ali borrowed a tennis racket from Usama. (lent)
- Usama lent Ali a tennis racket. or Usama lent a tennis racket to Ali.
2- Could you lend me your camera? (borrow)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
3- Mary lent Sheila her dictionary. (borrow)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
4- I owed Osama five pounds. (borrow)
- I borrowed five pounds from Osama
Like اسم)/ v+ ing) more than / better than (اسم / v + ing)
Prefer (/اسم v+ing) toاسم) / v+ ing ) يفضل
Would rather مصدر) ) than يفضل (مصدر)
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- I like playing tennis better than Swimming. (prefer) (would rather)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
2- I prefer tea to coffee. (like)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
1- Although - Even though + مع أن فعل + فاعل
2- In spite of – Despite – Regardless of + V+ng بالرغم من اسم +
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- Although he is poor, he is happy. (despite)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
2-He is my brother but we don't look a like. (although)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
3- I like most pop music but not rap. (although)
- Although I like most pop music, I don't like rap.
4-1 like football but I am not good at it. (although)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
ملحوظة مع الفعل (like) نضع (though) محل (but) و ليس في أول الجملة كالمعتاد بشرط أن يكون المفعول واحد.
5- Despite not being very tall, he is a good basketball player. (but)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
After /As soon as / when بمجرد أن ماضي بسيط) ( ماضي تام) )
didn't مصدر ( دائما ننفى الحدث الثاني) until had+ p.p.ماضي تام
Before/ By the timeماضي بسيط ماضي تام
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- First, he had his dinner. Then, he went for a walk. (After)
- After he had had his dinner, he went for a walk.
2- I heard the news on the radio and immediately I telephoned Nadia. (as soon as)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
3- I finished my homework and afterwards I want to the club. (By the time)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
Choose the right word from those in brackets:
4- When I got off the bus I found out that I (forget - forgot - forgetting - had forgotten) my bag.
5- When I arrived at the theatre last night, the play (had just started - just started - just had started - just started).
6- Having finished his studies, he travelled abroad. (as soon as)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
-I'd be grateful if you could + مصدر
1- Please, clean the bathroom after taking a shower. (grateful)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
People say that +فعل + فاعل
الطريقة الأولى
(1) نضع (it) في أول الجملة ، ونبني الفعل say للمجهول كالآتي:
(1) It (is said) that + الجملة الثانية كما هي
الطريقة الثانية
(1) نبدأ بفاعل الجملة الثانية الموجود بعد (that) (2) نبني الفعل say للمجهول ((is said (3) ثم نضع (المصدر+to) كالآتي:
(2) فاعل الجملة الثانية ( is said ) to+ مصدر
* نستخدم هذا التركيب ماضي بسيط (that) إذا كان الفعل الذي يأتي بعد كلمة
(3)فاعل الجملة الثانية ( is said ) to have P.P.
و ذلك في حالة استخدام الطريقة الثانية فقط.
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- People say that Akkad is genius. (It) (to be)
- It is said that Akkad is genius.
- Akkad is said to be genius.
2- People (think, believe, expect, report, allege that................... (It)
- It is (thought, believed, expected, reported, alleged that...................
*الأفعال الآتية تعامل معاملة الفعل(say) في المجهول:
يقول يعتقد يزعم / يدعى يعرف يفهم يتوقع يبلغ يعتقد
Say believe Allege Know Understand Expect Report Think
said believed alleged known understood expected reported Thought
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
3- It's believed that the moon is uninhabited. (The moon)
- The moon ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
4- TV is said to waste our time. (It)
- ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
5- It's reported that the criminal ran away. (People)
- ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
Reflexive Pronouns الضمائر المنعكسة
• الضمائر المنعكسة هي التي تنعكس على ذات الفاعل:
I
myself
we
ourselves
you
yourself- yourselves
he
himself
she
herself
it
itself
they
themselves
one
oneself
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- Aly and Alaa were injured when they fell off their bicycles. (themselves)
- ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
2- Students should learn to be Independent learners. (themselves)
- ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
3- He lives alone. (by) (on)
- He lives by himself. - He lives on his own. By + ضمير منعكس
Need +to be+ P.P.قاعدة
نستخدم هذا التعبير عندما نقول أنة من الضروري أن يحدث الشئ و لكن ليس من الضروري ان نقول من سيفعل الشئ
need v + ing / اسم need to be + p.p.
Ex. need cleaning need to be cleaned
Ex. Need a mend need to be mended
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- I have to get my car repaired. (needs)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
2- These trees need cutting. (to)
- These trees need to be cut.
3- Prisoners are in need of kind treatment. (need to)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
4- Old schools need to be demolished. (demolishing )
- Old schools need demolishing
*
* Be sorry that فاعل + فعل = Be sorry for + (v + ing)
= apologised to شخص for + (v + ing) = apologised for + (v + ing)
* apologised for not v + ingفي النفي
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- Aly told the teacher that he was sorry he had forgotten his book. (apologized)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
2- Aly said to me, "I was sorry I didn't come on time." (apologized) (regret)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
* blame شخص for * accuse شخص of * charge شخص with * keen on حريص علي
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- I don't like going to the cinema very much. (keen)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
2- He said that Adel had caused the accident. (blamed)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
3- The police said that the banker had taken a lot of money illegally. (charged) ( accused)
- The police charged the banker with taking.
- The police accused the banker of taking.
* The function of اسم is to مصدر
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- The heart pumps blood around the body. (function)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
* Be adapted to = be changed to
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- People build houses in different ways to suit the climate. (adapted)
- People's houses are adapted to suit the climate.
The comparative and superlative
صفات المقارنة و صفات التفضيل
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- It's the best film I have ever seen. (never)
-I have never seen such a good film.
2- It's the most delicious cake I have ever had. (never)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
3- I have never seen such an exciting match. (ever)
- It's the most exciting match I have ever seen.
(not so …..... as) في الجملة أو( not as……..... as ) في حالة وجود
(more صفة than ) أو( صفه er )Thanفإنها تحول إلي
ولابد أن نبدأ بالمقارن الثاني , والعكس صحيح
في الجملة فإنها تحول إلي:the (most + صفه) أو (The صفه est) في حالة وجود
( No other) / (No)+( (اسم ( as صفة طويلة أو صفة قصيرة as)
او
(No other) / ( No ) + ( اسم) ( صفه er than ) ( moreصفه than والعكس صحيح
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- Aly is not as tall as Mona. (taller) - Mona is taller than Aly.
2- Aly is not so intelligent as his sister. (Aly's)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
3- The Nile is longer than the Amazon. (as...... as )
- The Amazon is not as long as the Nile.
4- The bus is more expensive than the car. (as …… as)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
لاحظ هذا التركيب:
1- Aly is the cleverest pupil in the class. (No other) - No other pupil is cleverer than Ali.
2- Aly is the most intelligent pupil of all his friends. (No pupil) (more)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………… …..…………
لاحظ هذا التركيب:
1-1 expected the match to be exciting but it wasn't. (The match)
- The match wasn't exciting as I expected.
2-1 have never seen such an exciting film before. (It's)
- It's the first time I have ever seen such an exciting Him.
1- Finland is colder than Egypt. (as hot as)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2- If you read a lot of books, you will gain more knowledge. (The more)
- The more books you read, the more knowledge you'll gain.
3- This winter is (more cold - more colder - much colder - coldest) than last winter.
في حالة وجود
* For فترة لا تطرح since
* فترة لا تطرح ago since
*It's فترة زمنية لا تطرح since+نستخدم التركيب الآتي ماضي بسيط +فاعل
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Since forمضارع تام منفي
Last / The last time for مضارع تام منفي
Last / The last time since مضارع تام منفي
Since - for last / The last time ماضي بسيط مثبت
لاحظ هذا التركيب:
مضارع تام مستمر (for) started to / began to مصدر ago
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- I have learned English for seven years. (since) - I have learned English since 1995.
2- I haven't seen any strange animals for ages. (since)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3- It's five years since I had a holiday. (for) - I haven't had a holiday for five years.
4- The train left the station an hour ago. (since)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
5- The last time I saw him was in 1999. (since) - I haven't seen him since 1999.
6-1 last ate fish when I was in Alex. (haven't) - I haven't eaten-fish since I was in Alex.
7- The last time I met him was last year. (for)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
8- It hasn't rained here for years. (The last time)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
9-1 haven't driven a car since I had an accident. (last) -I last drove a car when I had an accident.
Active and passive
المبنى للمعلوم و المبنى للمجهول
• لتحويل الجملة الخبرية من معلوم إلى مجهول نتبع الآتي:
1- نبدأ الجملة بالمفعول. 2- نبنى الفعل للمجهول(be +P.P.) 3- نضع كلمة (by) و يمكن أن تحذف و يليها فاعل الجملة.
4- ضمائر الفاعل تحول إلى ضمائر مفعول و العكس صحيح كالاتى:
♠ (I) me ♠ (we) us ♠ (He) him ♠ (she) her ♠ (they) them
Ex. Mary helps John.
John is helped by Mary.
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- Doctor test athletes regularly for drugs nowadays. (Athletes) - Athletes are regularly tested for drugs.
2- They dug a well to get water. (A well) - A well was dug to get water.
3- Mona was cleaning the house when I arrived. (The house) - The house was being cleaned by Mona.
4- Reda has just finished these report. (been) - These report have just been finished by Reda.
5- He gave me a present. (A present) - A present was given to him.
6- He is going to write the letter. (The letter) - The letter is going to be written.
7- He will have to help her. (She) - She will have to be helped.
8- He didn't punish her for what she done. (wasn't)
- She wasn't punished for what.........
9- He didn't forget any thing. (Nothing)
- Nothing was forgotten by him.
10- The government will have built many schools by 2020. (been) - Many schools will have been built.
11- He got a mechanic to repair his car. (had) - He had his care repaired.
12- He got a decorator to paint his Hat. (had) - He had his flat painted.
13- Many projects have been carried out all over Egypt. (The government)
- The government has carried out many projects.
14- Cotton is cultivated in Egypt. (Farmers) - Farmers Cultivate cotton in Egypt.
Since - for – ago
* تأتي بعد (for) الفترة الزمنية كلها:
(for) years, months , weeks, hours, days, the last year, agesعصور , a long time, centuries
* تأتي بعد (since) بداية الفترة الزمنية:
(Since) 1999, July, 7 o'clock, Monday, last year, childhood , departure, lunch time, the summer holiday, then, this time, the age ofمنذ سن
*أما (ago )تأتي بعد الفترة (المدة) الزمنية، تستخدم مع زمن الماضي البسيط.
ago فترة زمنية ماضي بسيط
Choose the right word from those in brackets:
1- I haven't seen him (since - for - ago) 1999, Mayمايو, Friday, 6 o'clock yesterday, last wee! then, this morning the summer, lunch time, he went abroad, his childhood, his departure.
2- I haven't seen him (since-for-ago) 3 years, 3 months, 3 days, 3 hours, the last wee a long time centuries, 3 weeks.
3- He lived in Sohag 10 years (for - ago - since- yet).
4- He lived in Sohag (for - since - ago - in) 1999.
The same as نفس / Similar to مشابه
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- Ali and Alaa are the same age. (old) - Ali is as old as Alaa.
2- My car and yours are the same price. (expensive) - …………………………………………………….
3- Ali is as tall as Hassan. (same) - Ali and Hassan are the same height.
4- Cheese is (the same - same - similar - some) to butter.
* Because / since / As / for +فعل + فاعل (جملة كاملة) (لان )
* Because of / owing to / Due to / Through / on account ofاسم / v+ing(بسبب)
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- They put off the meeting because the boss was absent. (because of)
-They put off the meeting (because of, due to, owing to) the absence of the boss.
2-They cancelled the match as the weather was bad. (Owing to)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
No sooner + had + فاعل + P.P than ماضي بسيط
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- After he had finished his work, he went to the club. (No sooner)
- He had no sooner finished his work than he went to the club.
Not onlyفعل + فاعل + فعل مساعد but alsoالجملة الثانية .........ليس فقط ... بل / و لكن أيضا
Not onlyفعل + فاعل + فعل مساعد + الجملة الثانية as well .........
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- He succeeded in the exam. He got high marks. (Not only)
- He not only succeeded in the exam but also he got.........
to = in order to = so as to +المصدر لكي
will can may
So thatفاعل / In order that+ فاعل + / / + مصدر حتى / لكي
would could might
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- He went to the club. He wanted to play. (so as to)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2- She want to be a doctor. She will join the faculty of medicine. (so that)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Who - Whom - Which – Whose
• كيف نربط باستخدام ضمير الوصل (المأذون):
1- نحدد المكرر في الجملتين. 2- نحذف المكرر في الجملة الثانية و نأتي بضمير الوصل المناسب.
3- نكتب المكرر في الجملة الأولى ثم الجملة الثانية مبتدئه بضمير الوصل ثم باقي الجملة الأولى كالآتي:
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- The teacher praised the pupil. He got high marks. (Who)
The teacher praised the pupil who got high marks.
2- This is the pupil. The teacher has punished him. (Whom)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3- The dog was rescued by the man. It fell into the hole. (which)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
One advantage of is to
One disadvantage of is to
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- It's unfortunate fact that (من المؤسف) that cars cause pollution. (One disadvantage)
- One disadvantage of Cars is that they cause pollution
2- It's a fortunate fact that having a car saves your time and effort. (One advantage)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3- He joined the police on his 21 birthday and he is still a police officer. (Since)
-He has been a police officer since his 21 birthday.
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1-Can I borrow your dictionary, please? (mind)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2- I am happy to work this evening. (mind)
3-He got high marks. I congratulated him. (on)
- I congratulated him on getting high marks.
4- I came late. I apologized to him. (for)
5- It is not possible that he caught the bus. (couldn't)
- He couldn't have caught the bus.
6- It's impossible that he didn't hear the warning. (must)
- He must have heard the warning
7- It's impossible that he escape through the window. It was barred. (can't)
Direct and Indirectالكلام المباشر و الكلام غير المباشر
* Statement جملة خبرية * questionسؤال * Commandجملة أمرية
1—لتحويل الجملة الخبرية من مباشر إلى غير مباشر نتبع آلاتي:
التغيير يشمل: أ) فعل القول ب) الروابط جـ)الضمائر د)الأزمنة د) الظروف
*said to told
* Said said
* Say to tell * Say say
* نحذف الأقواس و نربط الجملة بكلمة(that) و يمكن أن تحذف.
2- في الجملة الاستفهامية:
*said to
asked
said
Asked, wondered, inquired, wanted to know
Say to
Ask
say
Ask, wonder, inquire, want to know
* نحذف الأقواس و نربط الجملة بأداة الاستفهام إن وجدت وهى (Wh- How) و في حالة وجود أداة استفهام نربط الجملة بـ((If أو (whether) ثم نقدم الفعل المساعد على الفاعل و نحذف علامة الاستفهام.
3- في الجملة الامريه:
Said to
ordered إذا كان الكلام من الأكبر إلى الأصغر
Said to
begged إذا كان الكلام من الأصغر إلى الأكبر
Said to
Told, asked إذا كان الكلام بين شخصين متساويين
Said to
advise في حالة النصيحة
* نحذف الأقواس و نربط الجملة بكلمة(to) في الأمر المثبت.
* و في الأمر المنفى نحول (Don't) إلى (not to).
* تتغير ضمائر المتكلم و المخاطب داخل الأقواس و لا يحدث تغيير في ضمائر الغائب:
متكلم مخاطب غائب
x x
I - we You He- she – it - they
إذا كان فعل القول في المضارع لا تتغير الأزمنة داخل الأقواس.
إذا كان فعل القول في الماضي تتغير الأزمنة داخل الأقواس كالاتى.
مضارع بسيط ماضي بسيط
Go went
مضارع مستمر ماضي مستمر
Is going was going
مضارع تام ماضي تام
Has gone had gone
ماضي بسيط ماضي تام
Went had gone
will go Would go
تتغير الظروف الزمنية و أدوات الإشارة حسب الجدول الاتى:
كلام مباشر كلام غير مباشر كلام مباشر كلام غير مباشر
yesterday The day before
The previous day Today - tonight That day
Last week – year The week before This - these That - those
A week ago A week before Thus So
Tomorrow the next day here There
Next – week - month The following week now then
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- She said to her mother, "I felt hungry." (told)
She told her mother that she had felt hungry.
2- Zaki said, "I have finished reading the review." (Zaki said that)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3-The pupil said to his teacher, " I am sorry that I didn't come on time." (apologized)
The pupil apologized to his teacher for not coming on time.
4- I said to my friend, "I am sorry, I didn't warn you."
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
5-"What's your full name?" (He asked me)
He asked me what my full name was.
6- Have you done your homework? (He asked her)
He asked her if she had done her homework.
7- "What are you doing now?" (He asked me)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
8- Have you eaten all your food? (She asked her son)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
9- "Please, turn off the lights before you go to bed." (asked)
He asked me to turn off the lights before I went to bed.
10- "Make haste," "Don't forget your bag." (He asked me)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
11- " If I were you, I'd travel abroad." (He advised me)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
12-"Let's play tennis, tonight." (She suggested)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
13- "If you need any help, ring me on 4606526." (He asked me)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Rewrite using the word (s) in brackets: -
1- I'll have to give the horse an injection. (The vet said)
- The vet said that he would have to or had to give the horse an injection.
2- I spent a lot of time in hospital last year. (She complained)
- She complained that she had spent a lot of time in hospital the year before.
3- Why didn't Ahmad go to school yesterday? (The teacher wanted to know)
-The teacher wanted to know why Ahmad hadn't gone to school the day before.
4- How long will you be staying here? (Could you tell me…..?)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
5- Please, turn off the lights before you go to bed. (He asked me)
- He asked me to turn off the lights before I went to bed.
6- Don't for get to turn off the lights before going to bed. (He asked me)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
7- She said that she would do the shopping before she wrote her letter. (She said)
- She said, I will do the shopping before I write my.
8- He asked me if I had heard that Ali was in hospital. (said to)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
9- He asked me about the price of my father's new car. (said to)
- He said to me," How much is your father's new car? "
10- The teacher advised me to study hard and not to waste my time. (said to)
- The teacher said to me, "Study hard. Don't waste your time."
Question tag السؤال المذيل
يستخدم السؤال المذيل لتوكيد الجملة الخبرية و هو بمعنى "أليس كذلك"
إذا كانت الجملة مثبتة كان السؤال المذيل منفيا, إذا كانت الجملة منفية كان السؤال المذيل مثبتا.
نستخدم نفس الفعل المساعد الموجود في الجملة(الفعل الناقص(Be - Have - .
في حالة عدم وجود فعل مساعد سابق, نستخدم(do – does – did).
نستخدم نفس الضمير الموجود في الجملة, و إذا كان الفاعل اسما نستخدم الضمير الذي يحل محلة.
*Aly = he * Hoda = she *boys = they
*This – That = (He – She) (it) * These – those = they * There = there
نستخدم الصيغة المختصرة في النفي(n't).
لاحظ الصيغة المختصرة للأفعال المساعدة الآتية:
* Will won't
*Can can't
*Shall shan't
لاحظ التعبيرات الآتية:
* 'd better = had better * 'd rather = would rather
في حالة استخدام (I'm) نستخدم aren't I? في السؤال المذيل.
إذا كان (v. to have) فعل رئيسي في بمعنى يملك نستخدم (do – does – did).
الكلمات الآتية تعامل معاملة (n't).
(hardly – rarely – seldom – scarcely – never) = n't
في حالة الأمر نستخدم: will you? Or won't you?
Choose the right word from those in brackets:
1- He is very happy, (is he - isn't he - he is - he isn't)?
2- He has finished on time, (has he - hasn't he - doesn't he - does he)?
3- He has a small track, (has he - hasn't he - doesn't he - he does)?
4- Aly won't attend the party; (will he - he will - won't he - will Aly)?
5- Hoda cleans the room, (does she - isn't she - doesn't she - she does)?
6- Aly's on holiday, (isn't he - hasn't he - is Aly - isn't Aly)?
7- She doesn't like onion, (she does - does she - is she - has she)?
8- I am a teacher, (am I - amn't I - aren't I - I am)?
9- I am not a doctor, (am I - I am - I am not - am not I)?
10- He's never come late,(has he - hasn't he - is he - isn't he)?
11- You'd better take a taxi, (you would - you hadn't - hadn't you - wouldn't you)?
12- Jenny's applied for the job, (has she - hasn't she - isn't she)?
13- They invited us to the party, (did they - didn't they - don't they)?
14- You weren't listening, (were you - was you - weren't you - you were)?
15- Listen,..................... ....................................?
16- Fine, ................................ .........................?
17- Let's eat lettuce, ............... .........................?
18- Let us go,............................................... ....?
19- I think they will come, ................................?