Unit 8
A Key to History
Vocabulary:

food factory مصنع غذاء
mass كتلة
mineral saltsأملاح معدنية
badly damaged تلفت / اضيرت بشكل سيئ
mass media وسائل الاعلام
high winds رياح عاتية
layer طبقة
Cells خلايا
surroundيحيط بــ
annualسنوي
rings (n.) حلقـات representتمثـل
formationتكـوين
regularمنتظم
accurateدقيق accuratelyبدقــة calculate يحسب countيعــد borerمثقــاب
drill (v)يثقب extractيستخلص growthالنمـو rainfallسقوط المطر indicateيوضــح diameterقطــر medicinesأدويــة
white settlerالمستوطنين البيض the aboriginal people السكان الأصليين
antiseptic oil زيت مطهـر referenceمرجع / إشارة branches of a bankفروع بنك drawbacks عيـوب Evergreenدائم الاخضرار
Probablyمن المحتمل
Toughخشن / صلب / قاس
outer layerالطبقة الخارجية
main systemنظام رئيسي
sliceشريحة
weather recordsسجلات الطقس
sizeحجــم
a university professor
أستاذ جامعي
tropical forests غابات استوائية
tangle of bushes
مجموعة متشابكة من الشجيرات
deciduous تتساقط أوراقه في الخريف slope (v.) ينحــدر temperate climate مناخ معتدل
dry season موسم جاف
coniferous forest غابة صنوبرية
dig / dug / dugيحفـر
supporting stake عمود يسند النبات
palm treesأشجار النخيل push/press buttons
يضغط علي الأزرار
Stir يقـلب
boiling waterماء مغلي
occurيحدث
cherry trees أشجار الكرز
oak treesأشجار البلوط أو السنديان
a folk heroبطـل شعبي
rubberمطـاط
historical eventsأحداث تاريخية
compel = force يجبر
investيستثمــر
shortcomingsعيـوب
culturalثقافي
Social اجتماعي
Deprive of يحرم من




Key Vocabulary:
Trunk جذع = the strongest part of the tree
Bark لحاء = the outer layer of the trunk of the tree
Branches فروع = these grow out from the trunk
and support the leaves
Leaves أوراق= these fall from some trees in autumn
Roots جذور= part of the tree underground
Fruit ثمرة = some fruit produce fruit every year
Memorable لا ينسي / جدير بالذكر =famous,easy to remember
Climate المناخ = typical weather conditions
Furious = very angry dense كثيف = thick
Evergreen دائم الخضرة (of plants) that don't lose their leaves
function وظيفة Sequoia نوع من الأشجار
date back to يعود تاريخها الي damp رطب hold securely يمسك بإحكام Water level مستوي الماءirrigate يروي bush شجيرة tie يربط
sunlight ضوء الشمس Coniferous صنوبري
slope ينحدر slide ينزلق
manure سماد Stake عمود(يسند النبات)
vegetation النبات flatten يسوي hammer يدق
Spread out يمتد supporting يسند/يدعم
a lie كذبة
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Language Notes:
grow + adj. = become ·grow wide/ grow old / grow dark
play a part in + ing يلعب دورا في
Young men should play an important part in reclaiming the desert.
climate المنــاخ (لفترة طويلة)
weather الجـو (لفترة قصيرة)
It's adj. + to + inf.
·It is important to keep your school clean .
the young / the old / the dead / the living / the blind
لاحظ استخدام theلتكوين اسم من بعض الصفات
We should help the blind.
The dead never come back.
لاحظ إضافة th إلى بعض الصفات و الأفعال لتكوين أسماء
wide width long length grow growth
Tell a lie /a story / the time / the difference /
without + ing
·Without studying hard, you can't pass this test.
weigh يزن ·She weighs herself every week.
outweigh يتفوق على = to be more important than something else
·The advantages of living in a town outweigh the disadvantages.المزايا تفوق العيوب
agree to + inf. / n يوافق علي ·He agreed to the plan.
·She agreed to stay.
Agree on أكثر من شخص يتفقوا علي شيء
· The members agreed on the decision
agree with someone / something
·I agree with Kareem. This shirt is too expensive.
·I don't agree with insulting children.
agree that + جملة
·All the members of the jury agree that Mr. Nagy is guilty.
historic مهم من الناحية التاريخية ( من حيث القيمة )
· He has been to many historic places.
historical مرتبط بدراسة التاريخ ( من حيث الموضوع )
·She specializes in historical novels.
put down roots يستقر في مكان معين
We decided to put down roots in the United States of America.
and so تستخدم في حالة الإثبات
· Temperatures are high and so is the rainfall.
لاحظ صيغة السؤال بعد so
·I hate violence and so does she.
She hates violence and so do I.
and neither تستخدم في حالة النفي
· He doesn't speak Spanish and neither do I.
لاحظ صيغة السؤال بعد neither / nor:
·He can't swim and neither can they.
drought جفاف
· In recent years drought has damaged the harvest.
draught تيار (بارد) من الهواء
·There is a draught every time that door is opened.
Mind + ing يمانع
·Can I borrow your dictionary, please? (mind)
=Do you mind lending me your dictionary ,please?
=Do you mind if I borrow your dictionary please?
·Nadia says she is happy to stay with the children. (mind =Nadia does not mind staying with the children.
·I am happy to work this evening. (don't mind)
=I don't mind working this evening.
be surprised to + inf.
·I was surprised to know that he had won the prize.

Prepositions:
Play a part in يلعب دورا في
protect..from/against يحمي من
above ground level فوق مستوي الأرض
Prevent ….from يمنع من
on Earth علي الأرض
Keep away يبتعد
fall over يسقط
varies from year to year تختلف من عام إلى آخر
Go off ينطلق /ينفجر
changes in climate تغييرات في المناخ
certain about متأكد من
Grow out ينمو
cut down = reduce /cut
make up about 7% تشكل حوالي
Clear area of vegetation يخلي المنطقة من النباتات
throughout history علي مر التاريخ
find out يكتشف
in full بالكامل
Provide…with يمد…بـ
useful to
covered with مغطي بـ
Slide off ينزلق من على
associated with مرتبط بـ
Tie to يربط بـ
look up يبحث عن معلومة

Exercises:
1- Inside the bark there is a (stamp - lamp - damp - dumb) layers of cells surrounding the truck.
2- The age of a tree can be accurately calculated by counting the (rings - squares - triangles - rectangles) of wood.
3- The country is suffering a (draught - doubt - drift - drought). There has been no rain for 6 months.
4- Much of the region's (vegetation - reclamation - vegetarians - vengeance) has been damaged by the investors who are building new hotels.
5- This land needs to be (bumped - inflated -flattened - founded) before it can be cultivated.
6- He tied the young tree to a (steak - stake - stock - stack) to prevent it from falling.
7- We have to (irrigate - migrate - segregate - syndicate) desert areas to make them fertile.
8- The aboriginal people in Australia knew that the leaves of the tea tree produced an (Antarctic - antisocial - antibiotic - antiseptic) oil which prevented cuts from becoming (invested - infected - reflected - defeated).
9- Scientists think that some trees may provide a (cure - heal - medical - curable) for diseases like cancer.
10- If someone decides to live in a particular place we say that they put (off - away - down – on) their (boots - roots - troops - hoofs) there.
11- Farmers sometimes dig around the roots of a tree to make it grow (stronger - weaker – taller - wider).
12- The International Express Bank opened a new (trunk - leaf - branch - bark) in Cairo.
13- She finally owned ( down - up - in - off) to having taken the money
14- The fall of the Berlin Wall is a (memorable - memory - memorial - memorized) historical event.
15- In rain forests some trees (brush - crush - push - press) their way past smaller trees into the sunlight above.
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Grammar
wish / If only
يستخدم الماضي البسيط بعد wish / If only للتعبير عن موقف غير حقيقي في المضارع
· I don't know the answer to your question ,
I wish I knew the answer to your question .
I wish air travel was less expensive.
= I wish air travel were less expensive.
It is hot today. I wish /if only it was/were cooler.
My intimate friend lives far away.I wish he lived nearer.
you don't have time to help me.
=I wish you had time to help me
The government doesn't do anything to solve…
=I wish the government did something to solve the problem.
I live in a noisy place.
= If only I lived in a quiet place.
·I wish I knew Samy's phone number.
= I don't know it.
· I have to work hard. (wish)
= I wish I didn't have to work hard.
· There are a lot of people in this place. (If only)
= If only there weren't many people in this place.
يستخدم الماضي التام بعد wish / If only في حالة التعبير عن موقف في الماضي
· I failed the driving test. (If only)
If only I hadn't failed the driving test.
I felt ill yesterday. I wish/If only I felt better.
I wish / If only I had been to your party yesterday.
I wish / If only I had won first prize last week.
·I didn't know that Germeen was ill. (I wish)
I wish I had known that Germeen was ill.
·The weather was cold while we were away.
I wish it (was - were - had been - would be) warmer.
·I feel sick. I ate so much cake yesterday. (If only)
I feel sick. If only I hadn't eaten so much cake yesterday.
·I didn't apply for that job. (wish)
I wish I had applied for that job.
في حالة وجود فعل آخر مع wish / If only فيعامل مثل الحالة الشرطية الثانية والثالثة
·If only she hadn't told the police, everything would have been all right.
·I wish he hadn't wasted all his money. He would have bought a new house.
في حالة التعبير عن المستقبل تستخدم could مع / I we و تستخدم would مع باقي الضمائر و تستخدم هذه الحالة أيضا عندما نريد لشيء أن يحدث أو عندما نريد من شخص أن يفعــل شيئا
· If only I could speak Chinese.
· I wish I could ride a horse.
I wish I could earn a lot of money.
I wish you would let me know what your plans are.
If only I could buy a camera, I would take your picture.
·I wish you wouldn't keep interrupting me.
·If only I could visit Spain next year.
wish to + inf. = want to لاحظ هذا الإستخدام
·I wish to see the manager, please.
·If you wish to reserve a table, please telephone after 5 o'clock.
Hope + فاعل + future simple / present simple
·I hope she comes tomorrow.
OR: I hope she will come tomorrow.
Wish … + n. (wish someone something)
·I wish you a speedy recovery.
·I wish you good luck.
·I wish you a happy life.
لاحظ عـدم استخدام اســم nounبعد hope
It is wrong to say : I hope you good health.
Right: I hope you are in good health.
OR: I wish you good health.
لاحظ أيضا :
I hope so (positive) I hope not (negative)
·Do you think she will win?
I hope so / I hope not.
لاحظ استخدام I was hoping في حالة الطلب المهذب
· I was hoping you could lend me some money.
و نستخدم I had hoped للتعبير عن شيء كنا نتمناه ولم يحدث
·I had hoped that Jenny would become a doctor,
but she wasn't good enough at science.
Exercises
1-I am sorry I haven't got a washing machine. (wish)
2-I am sorry I didn't book a seat. (If only)
3-I said something which made matters much worse. If
only I (keep - kept - had kept - was keeping) my
mouth shut.
4-I don't know what is wrong with my car. (I wish)
5-It's a pity you didn't roll up the carpet before painting
the ceiling.(If only)
6-It's a pity that shops here don't deliver. (wish)
Passive questions

أولا : نحول السؤال الي جملة خبرية
ثانيا : نحول الجملة إلى passive ثم إلى صيغة سؤال
Did the storm damage the crops?
·The storm damaged the crops.
·The crops were damaged by the storm.
Were the crops damaged by the storm ?
أو نتبع القواعد الآتيــة:
اذا كان السؤال يبدأ بـ do / does
am/is/are+obj.+PP. + by + ……
Does this company employ many people?
Are many people employed by this company?
اذا كان السؤال يبدأ بـ did
Was/Were + obj. + PP.
Did they attack the enemy?
·Was the enemy attacked?
Where did she keep the books?
·Where were the books kept?
Present Continuous:
Am/Is/Are + obj.+ being + PP.
Are they interviewing the applicants?
·Are the applicants being interviewed?
Why are they carrying out this project?
·Why is this project being carried out?
Past Continuous:
Was/Were+obj. + being +PP.
Was she mending the bike?
·Was the bike being mended?
Present Perfect
Have/Has + obj. + been + PP.
Has she washed the dishes?
·Have the dishes been washed?
Past Perfect:
Had + obj. + been + PP.
When had Sarah finished the report?
When had the report been finished?
(في حالة الأفعال الناقصة)
Will/Can/May/Should….+ obj. + be + PP.
When will they reduce traffic congestion
·When will traffic congestion be reduced?
How much should they pay for the house?
·How much should be paid for the house?
في حالة وجود Who ، تستخدم by في نهاية السؤال المبني للمجهول
Who discovered this island?
·Who was this island discovered by?
Rewrite beginning with the words in brackets:
1-Why did no one inform me of the change of plan? (was)
2-Has someone posted my letters? (Have..)
3-When did the ancient Egyptians build the Pyramids? (When were..)
4-Why have they never sent her a reply? ( Why has )
5-What are governments doing to reduce pollution? (What is)
6-Do I have to pay this bill? ( Does…)

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MAHMOUD HASSANIN ALI