السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته

إن شاء الله هنزل أجزاء من كتاب الدكتورة إيناس General Psychology لمادة النصوص النفسية " الفرقة الأولى "

اللى محتاج أى ترجمة أو جزئية مش مفهومة يتفضل يقول

chapter 1

An Introduction to psychology

Question : What is Psychology?

Psychology is memory , stress , therapy , love , persuasion , hypnosis , perception , death , conformity , creativity , learning , personality , aging , intelligence , ***uality , emotion , and many , many more topics . Psychology has become such an enormous and colorful beast that no short description can do it justice .

It is important , then, to be open-minded as you begin this course . Consider it an adventure , and
judge after you have seen what psychology has to offer . By the time you have read this entire book , you will begin to have an overall picture of what psychology is and what psychologists do . For now, let s just say that psychology is the scientific study of human and animal behavior .

thnxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

compare: Psychology and Related Sciences

Anthropology: The science of human origins, evolution, and cultures.
Biology: The science of life and living organisms: plant, animal, and human.
Psychology: The science of human and animal behavior.
Sociology: The science of the forms and functions of human groups.

behavior: any thing you do
eating
sleeping
.........

::::::::::

the term behavior can refer to covert activities
such as thinking
as well as
overt action
::::::::::
wilhelm wundt establishes first psychology laboratory in germany

هرم مازلو Pyramid Mazlo
1)الحاجات الفسيولوجية physiolgical needs
2)الحاجة الى الأمن safety need
3)الحاجة الى الحب والانتماء love and belonging needs
4)الحاجة الى تقدير الذات self-esteem need
5)الحاجة الى تحقيق الذات self-actualization need

The EEG:electroencephalograph,or brain wave machine .

The psychology of death has been learned in recent years, as this once taboo subject has come under study .


Introspection : Looking inward .

wilhelm wundt is father of psychology .

Philosophy: the study of knowledge , reality , and human nature .

The German word Gestalt means "form","pattern"or"whole" .

Their slogan was,"The whole exceeds the sum of its parts" .

SR : Stimulus-Response Psychology .

The slogan in Functionalism was favor their survival .

neo-Freudians : neo means "new" or "recent" .

Cognition means "thinking" or "knowing" .

we will return :bosyht9:

Structuralism Wundt's ideas were carried to the United States by one of his students, a man named Edward B.Titchener . In America, Wundt's ideas became known as structuralisms because they dealt with the structure of mental life . The structuralisms hoped to develop a sort of "mental chemistry" by analyzing experience into basic "elements" or "building blocks" .

we will return :bosyht9:

Humanistic Psychology : A fairly recent development in psychology is a point of view known as humanism . Humanism is sometimes called the "third force" in psychology .

(Psychodynamic psychology and behaviorism are the other two).

we will return:bosyht9:

حرية الإرادة : free will
التكايف : conformity
الادارك : perception
الابداع : creativity
الشيخوخة : aging
انفغال : emotion
غنى بالمعلومات : colorful beast
نوم مغناطيسى : hypnosis
الصورة الذهنية : mental images
الملاحظة : observation
أدلة تجريبية : empirical evidence
الاستنتاجات : conclusions
جهاز رسم المخ الكهربائى : The EEG means electroencephalograph ,or brain wave machine
مذنب : guilty
العلاج : therapy
المرض العقلى : psychosis
البدانة : obesity
التعميم : generalization

Ten Obstacles
الصعوبات التى واجهت علم النفس :
1.الزمان .. Change in the Time
2.المكان .. Change in the Place
3.المرحلة العمرية .. Change stages of age
The change in Age
4.الحالة المزاجية ( الراهنة ) .. Change in the mood
5.الفروق الفردية .. Change in indivdual differences
6.القدرة على التعبير اللفظى .. Ability of verbal expration
The ability to verbally
7.المعرفة الحقيقية بالذات .. Actual knowledge of self
8.الحتمية .. Determinism
9.التحيز .. The change in bias
10.التجريب .. Change in the difficulty of testing

How did psychology broke away (Overcome) from obstacles ?

How did psychologists recovered to the 10 obstacles ?

<<1>>

I.Similarity: They are similarity between people .

They are using " qualitative " in their studies

II.Difference : There are difference between people.

By direct deal between people (normal curve).

They are using " quantitative " in their studies.

<<2>>

.Mathematics : By using " representative sample " and Overcome the discrepancy

An Animal helps Psychologists in recovered the 10 obstacles by doing many experiments
Or
An Animal helps Psychologists in the exclusion of 10 Obstacles by doing many experiments

we will return:romarioxp6:

إعتقد مازلو أن إذا إقتصرت دراسة الأخصائيين النفسيين على العجزه والعصابيين ومتخلفى النمو، فإنهم بالضرورة سيقدمون علماً عاجزاً .
ولكى يمكن نمو على الإنسان أكثر إكتمالاً،يصبح حتماً على علماء النفس دراسة الذين حققوا إمكاناتهم إلى أقصى مداها.
وهذا هو ما فعله مازلو،فقد قام ببحث متعمق وشامل لجماعة من الأشخاص حققوا ذواتهم ،وقد درسهم مازلو دراسه إكلينيكية لإكتشاف الخصائص المميزة لهم عن بقيع الناس العاديين فظهر له أن تلك السمات المميزة لهم .


خصائص الشخصية الإيجابية
characteristics of positive personality


1.أن لهم إتجاهاً واقعياً
They have realistic trend


2.أنهم يتقبلون أنفسهم والأخرين والعالم كما هو
They accept themselves and others and the world as it is


3.أنهم على قدر كبير من التلقائية
They are agreat deal of spontaneous


4.أنهم يتمركزون حول المشاكل بدلاً من أن يتمركزوا حول أنفسهم
They are baised on the problems rather than be baised on themselves


5.على قدر من الإنفصال والحاجه إلى الخصوصية
They have adegree of separation and the need to privacy


6.أنهم يتسمون بالإستقلال الذاتى والإستقلال عن الآخرين
They are seem to auto nomous and independeut from the others


7.يقاومون الإمتثال للثقافة والخضوع لها
They resist compliance of culture and submission to it


8.إن لمعظمهم خبرات روحية عميقة دون أن تكون بالضرورة ذات طابع دينى
Most of them have deeply spiritual experiences but not nessarily of a religious nature


9.أنهم يتوحدون بالبشريه كلها
They unite all of humanity


10.لا يخلطون بين الغاية والوسيلة
They do not confuse ends and mean


11.إن تقديرهم للأفراد والأشياء متجدد دون نمطية جامدة
They appreciation of the things and individuals are renew without static stereotypical

12.أن إتجاهاتهم وقيمهم تكون ديمقراطية
They attitudes and valus of ademocratic

13.أن علاقتهم الحميمة بأشخاص يكنون لهم حباً عظيماً
That intimate relationships are afew people have agreat love for them


14.يولعون أشد الولع بالخلق والإبتكار
They very interested in creativity and innovation


المصدر : مذكرات فى علم النفس : د/فرج طه ،، د/نجيه إسحق

according to freudian theory we have three systems id , ego , and super ego
these systems is creating our personlaity
in freud viewpoint the unconsious is the force that motivate all our behaviour by two main urges .. s e xual urges and aggression urges
i think that freud was true in his theory in his time and his place
but nowadays .. its being so different
thats my small viewpoint about it
hope u enjoy it