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المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة thedentistmod
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/m...009/index.html
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   Photo: Gerbil, Licensed by Attribution Share Alike 3.0 Photo: Gerbil, Licensed by Attribution Share Alike 3.0 Photo: Jussi Puikkonen Elizabeth H. Blackburn Carol W. Greider Jack W. Szostak  1/3 of the prize 1/3 of the prize 1/3 of the prize USA USA USA University of California
San Francisco, CA, USA Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Baltimore, MD, USA Harvard Medical School; Massachusetts General Hospital
Boston, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute
b. 1948
(in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia) b. 1961 b. 1952
(in London, United Kingdom)
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/m...009/index.html
فى امريكا اى حد بيدخل كلية طب لازم يكون دخل قبلها كلية علوم و بعد ما يخلصها لازم يلتحق بكلية الطب ودى نقطة مهمة جدا عشان احنا مش عارفين نظام التعليم فى امريكا و زى ما انت شايف كاتبين تحت اسم الفائزين
mdical school
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لا
طبعا مفيش الكلام دة في امريكا هما بيولوجيين وكميائيين حيويين خريجين كليه علوم لكن الابحاث اتعملت بالتعاون مع كليه طب ودى نبذة عن البروفيسر Elizabeth H. Blackburn
وهتلاقي اول حاجة مكتوبه في السيرة الذاتيه انها بيولوجيست وكميائيه
Elizabeth H. Blackburn is a molecular biologist and biochemist who conducted ground-breaking research on
DNA (
deoxyribonucleic acid) and
cell division that has provided a new line of inquiry into the chemical
bases of life. Her discovery of a key enzyme, telomerase, which is necessary for chromosomes to make copies of themselves before
cell division, has been applied to the study of
chromosome behavior and of certain diseases, such as fungal infections and
cancer. Widely recognized as one of the top researchers in her field, Blackburn is the first woman to head the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the University of California, San Francisco.
Elizabeth Helen Blackburn was born in Hobart, Australia. Blackburn's interest in medicine and biology was influenced early on by her parents, Harold Blackburn and Marcia (Jack), both of whom were physicians. Blackburn graduated from the University of Melbourne with a B.S. degree in 1970 and with a M.S. degree in 1971. She then attended Cambridge University in England, where she obtained a Ph.D. in molecular biology in 1975. Following her graduation, Blackburn came to the United States, drawn by both professional and personal reasons. While attending Cambridge, Blackburn met John Sedat, an American postdoctoral researcher in biology. They married in 1975, and have one son, Benjamin.
In the U.S., Blackburn was awarded a fellowship in biology at Yale University, where she worked with Joseph Gall, who was conducting investigations into the functional aspects of chromosomes, especially their
replication, expression, and structure. It was at Yale that Blackburn began her work with telomeres, which help chromosomes to remain stable and whole, thereby ensuring completion of the
DNA replication cycle. In 1978, Blackburn accepted a position as an assistant professor at the University of California, Berkeley, where she was to make her ground-breaking discoveries concerning chromosomes and DNA.
Chromosomes are thread-like structures that occur in the cell
nucleus and carry thousands of genes. Both chromosomes and genes are made of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. A long molecule composed of two chains of nucleotides containing the sugar deoxyribose, DNA is the hereditary material in all organisms--except for some viruses. Blackburn was studying the telomeric DNA sequences and chromosomal structures in
eukaryotes (one of two types of cells with a well defined nucleus, containing rod-like chromosomes) when she observed that the chromosomes appeared to shrink and grow in length. Intrigued, Blackburn set out to solve this biological riddle.
Without telomeres, daughter cells have shortened versions of the parent cells' chromosomes, and will eventually die. Blackburn found that, in order to survive, cells had developed a process to replace lost telomeres. Specifically, Blackburn discovered a key novel enzyme, telomerase, which is necessary for chromosomes to make complete copies of themselves before cell division. Telomerase is an unusual enzyme in that it contains
ribonucleic acid, or
RNA, which is involved in
protein synthesis in all organisms and serves as the hereditary material in a few viruses. By first studying the single-celled protozoan,
Tetrahymena, Blackburn removed its telomerase and found that the DNA progressively shortened until it died. She discovered that telomerase makes DNA from an RNA template. Known as a specialized type of
reverse transcriptase enzyme, telomerase adds DNA onto the end of the
Tetrahymena chromosome to preserve the chromosome, thus preventing eventual cell death due to broken chromosome ends, as well as ensuring the completion of cell division.
Blackburn has used her discoveries to make artificial chromosomes for studying chromosome behavior and
telomere synthesis. Such studies on the RNA of telomerase could provide information on how some of the earliest forms of life evolved. A more speculative area of her continuing work has focused on whether further research into the role of telomerase in chromosome survival may be used to devise new therapies to fight fungal diseases and to provide new information on how cancerous cells divide. Based on her observations of the action of telomerase in
Tetrahymena, Blackburn has conducted studies on whether drugs that block
enzymes with similar structures will also work against telomerase in other organisms. This line of research focuses on determining whether fungi and other pathogens, as well as cancer cells, could be prevented from dividing by interfering with their telomere functions.
After 12 years at Berkeley, Blackburn joined the University of California, San Francisco, in 1990 as a professor of microbiology and immunology. In July 1993, she became the first woman chair of the University's Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Blackburn has obtained worldwide eminence in the field of molecular biology and was elected as a foreign associate to the National Academy of Sciences, one of the highest honors that can be accorded to a scientist in the United States. She has also won the National Academy of Sciences Award in Molecular Biology and is a fellow of the Royal Society, an independent organization in the United Kingdom.
Recent Updates
February 27, 2004: Blackburn, an advocate of human embryonic stem cell research and therapeutic cloning, was fired from the President's Council on Bioethics. She had served on the Council for more than two years. Bush administration officials stated that her contribution to the panel was no longer relevant, since the panel was moving away from discussing human embryonic stem cells and into neurology and behavior. Blackburn's defenders believe her term on the Council was terminated because she disagrees with the Bush administration's highly restrictive position on embryonic stem cell research.
Source: USA Today, March 19, 2004;
Washington Post, www.washingtonpost.com, March 7, 2004.
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