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Inversions consist on putting the auxiliary verb (do/does, have/has, did, etc.) or even modal verbs (should, must, ought to, etc.) before the subject of a clause, and this is what we can see in questions:
- Had you finished when he arrived?
Had is the auxiliary verb of the perfect tense placed "before" you, the subject of the sentence.
What we have just seen is the most common use of inversions. However; inversions are also used in many other situations.
They are used with negative and restrictive adverbs (only, never, hardly, little, etc.) to emphasize the sentence. For example: You can say "Only later they learnt his terrible secret." but to give more emphasize to this sentence you can change it as if it was a question (but don't get confused because it isn't a questions, it doesn't take question mark "?"), so the sentence looks like this: "Only later did they learn his terrible secret." it's important the fact that in the end they got to know the secret so the inversion in the sentence remarks that.