[sirius]

اليكم نموذج لها :
1- Simple Present Tense : المضارع البسيط


1) تكوينه : يتكون من التصريف الأول للفعل ( مصدره ) , يضاف للفعل (s \ es \ \ ies) إذا سبقه مفرد غائب .
* There are three important exceptions: *هناك ثلاث استثناءات مهمة
1. For positive sentences, الجمل المثبتة we do not normally use the auxiliary. فعل مساعد
2. For the 3rd person singular (he, she, it), we add (s) to the main verb or ( es ) to the verb.
3. For the verb (to be), we do not use an auxiliary لا نستخدم فعل مساعد, even for questions and negatives. في السؤال و النفي
* Look at these examples with the main verb like:
الفاعل الفعل المساعد Main verb
+ I, you, we, they like coffee.
He, she, it likes coffee.
- I, you, we, they do not like coffee.
He, she, it does not like coffee.
? Do I, you, we, they like coffee?
Does he, she, it like coffee?
* لا حـــظ تصريف الفعل (be ) في المضارع البسيط :
الفاعل الفعل الرئيسي
+ I am French.
You, we, they are French.
He, she, it is French.
- I am not old.
You, we, they are not old.
He, she, it is not old.
? Am I late?
Are you, we, they late?
Is he, she, it late?
* استخدامه : يستخدم هذا الزمن في الحالات الآتية
• the action happens all the time, or habitually حدث يقع طوال الوقت
• the statement is always true حدث دائما حقيقي repeated actions. أحداث متكررة
Signal words: يستخدم المضارع البسيط مع هذه الكلمات
always \ often \ usually \ sometimes \ occasionally \ frequently \ seldom = rarely\ never\ generally عامة \ normally \ in –--( a month ) \ on +( a day ) \ once a.. \ twice a…\ every---- \ after (school) \ if type I (If I talk, …) \ وأيضا بعد أدوات الربط الزمنية , ويكون الفعل الآخر مستقبل بسيط
* Look at these examples: انظر إلى هذه الأمثلة
• I live in New York.
• The sun sets in the west .
• John drives a taxi.
• He does not drive a bus.
• We do not work at night.
• First I get up, then I have breakfast.
• The plane flies to London every Monday.
• لاحـــظ : يمكن استخدام المضارع البسيط للتعبير عن مواقف تحدث الآن ولكن مع الفعل to be) ) فقط.
- Am I right?
- Taha is not at home now.
هنا الحدث يقع الآن

• لتحويل المضارع البسيط من المعلوم إلى المجهول نتبع الخطوة التالية :
1- المفعول يصبح مفعولا 2- نحذف الفاعل
3- نضع الفعل في التصريف الثالث مسبوقا بجزء من فعل to be) ) في
نفس زمن الفعل :
Am , is , are + p.p.

e.g.
* The professor teaches the students.
(subject) (active verb) (object)
(doing action) (receiving action)
The students are taught by the professor.

* Somebody cleans the car everyday.
- The car is cleaned everyday.
2- Present continuous tense : المضارع المستمر


* تكوينــه : يتكون من :
الفاعل + الفعل المساعد + الفعل الرئيسي
be (am, is, are) V + ing
* Look at these examples: تابع هذه الأمثلة
subject الفعل المساعد الفعل الرئيسي
+ I am speaking to you.
+ You are reading this.
- She is not staying in London.
- We are not playing football.
? Is he watching TV?
? Are they waiting for Sara?
* استخدامـه : يعبر عن حدث مستمر الآن أثناء وقت الكلام
* action happening now : حدث مستمر الآن
* action in the future : حدث مرتب له في المستقبل
a) for action happening exactly now : حدث الآن بالضبط
I am eating my lunch.
past present future
The action is happening now.
b) for action happening around now : حدث يقع حول هذه اللحظة
Dalia is going out with Iman.
The action is happening around now. هنا الحدث يقع الآن
* Look at these examples:
• Murad is learning to drive.
• I am living with my sister until I find an apartment.
* Present continuous tense for the future:
* استخدام المضارع المستمر للمستقبل : إذا كان هناك تخطيط أو ترتيب أو قرار لفعل هذا
الحدث
I am taking my exam next month.
* Look at these examples:
• We're eating in a restaurant tonight. We've already booked the table..
• They can play tennis with you tomorrow. They're not working.
• When are you starting your new job?
Signal words : الكلمات الدالة
now \ at the moment \ Look! \ Listen!\smell! \ at the present time \ right now =just now\ still

هذه الأفعال لا تستخدم في زمن الاستمرار :
be, believe, belong, hate, hear, like, love, mean, prefer, remain, realize, see, seem, smell, think, understand, want, wish
* EXAMPLES:
You are learning English now.
You are not swimming now.
I am sitting.
I am not standing.
They are reading their books at the moment.
They are not watching television.
What are you doing?
Why aren't you doing your homework?
Look! A car is coming fast.
* كيفية تحويل المضارع المستمر إلي ( المجهول ) باستخدام هذه الطريقة :
am , is , are + being + p.p.
e.g. - He is watching TV. TV is being watched.

( ing ) * كيفية إضافة للفعل
القاعدة العامة Just add -ing to the base verb: ing فقط إضافة ال
work > working
play > playing
assist > assisting
see > seeing
be > being
Exception 1 إذا انتهى الفعل بحرف ساكن وقبله حرف متحرك مضغوط يضاعف الحرف الأخير
(vowels = a, e, i, o, u) الحروف المتحركة
stop > stopping
begin > beginning
Exception 2 If the base verb ends in ie, change the ie to y:
lie > lying
die > dying
Exception 3 إذا انتهى الفعل : بـ e تحذف , ماعدا الفعل be
come > coming
mistake > mistaking


3- Present Perfect Tense : المضارع التام




تكوينـه :
subject + الفعل المساعد + الفعل الرئيسي
الفاعل Have ( has ) past participle التصريف الثالث
* Here are some examples : أمثلة
subject auxiliary verb main verb
+ I have seen her
+ You have eaten mine.
- She has not been to Rome.
- We have not played football.
? Has she finished?
? Have they done it?



* الاختصارات :
I have I've
You have You've
He has
She has
It has
John has
The car has He's
She's
It's
John's
The car's
We have We've
They have They've
* Here are some examples: أمثلة
• I've finished my work.
• John's seen ET.
• They've gone home.
He's or he's ??? Be careful! The 's contraction is used for the
auxiliary verbs have and be. For example, "It's eaten" can mean:
• It has eaten. [present perfect tense, active voice]
• It is eaten. [present tense, passive voice]
* يستخدم المضارع التام للتعبير عن : حدث مازال له اثر في الحاضر / أو حدث وقع توا في الماضي القريب
1. experience : موقف
2. change : تغير
3. continuing situation : مواقف مستمرة
I have seen her.
He has lived in Banha.
Have you been there?
We have never eaten caviar.
The action or state was in the past. الحدث كان ماضيا In my head, I have a memory now. ولكنه باق في الذاكرة

I have bought a car.
past present future
Last week I didn't have a car. Now I have a car.

Adel has broken his leg.
past present future
Yesterday John had a good leg. Now he has a bad leg.

Has the price gone up?
past present future
Was the price $1.50 yesterday? Is the price $1.70 today?

Signal words : الكلمات الدالة
already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, up to now, lately , recently , now that , ever , never
* EXAMPLES: أمثلة
I have seen that movie twenty times.
I think I have met him once before.
People have traveled to the moon.
I have worked here since June.
He has been ill for 2 days.
How long have you known Tarek?
( For & Since ) with Present Perfect Tense
for since
تستخدم للتعبير عن فترة من الزمن يأتي بعدها مدة محددة البداية
20 minutes 6.15pm
three days Monday
6 months January
4 years 1994
2 centuries 1800
a long time I left school
ever the beginning of time
a while + ( past simple ) أو ماضي بسيط
* Here are some examples:
• I have been here for 20 minutes.
• I have been here since 9 o'clock.
• John hasn't called for 6 months.
• John hasn't called since February.
• He has worked in New York for a long time.
• He has worked in New York since he left school.
For can be used with all tenses. Since is usually used with perfect tenses only.
لاحظ أن for تستخدم مع كل الأزمنة , أما since عادة ما تستخدم مع المضارع التام أو التام المستمر


HAVE( HAS ) BEEN TO & HAVE( HAS ) GONE TO الفرق بين :

Have been to = went to a place and came back ذهب إلى مكان وعاد
Have gone to = went to a place and hasn’t come yet.
ذهب إلى مكان ومازال هناك
e.g.
She has gone to Cairo = She is still there
I have been to London = now I am back.
* كيفية تحويل المضارع التام إلي المجهول : نتبع الخطوة التالية :

Have, has + been + p.p.

e.g.
She has bought a new car recently
- A new car has been bought recently.



4- Present Perfect Continuous Tense :
المضارع التام المستمر



تكوينـه :

subject + الفعل المساعد + الفعل الرئيسي
have
has been V + ing
* Here are some examples : أمثلة
subject الفعل المساعد الفعل المساعد main verb
+ I have been waiting for one hour.
+ You have been talking too much.
- It has not been raining.
- We have not been playing football.
? Have you been seeing her?
? Have they been doing their homework?

* الاختصارات :

I have been I've been
You have been You've been
He has been
She has been
It has been
John has been
The car has been He's been
She's been
It's been
John's been
The car's been
They have been They've been
• I've been reading.
• The car's been giving trouble.
• We've been playing tennis for two hours.
Signal words : الكلمات الدالة
all…, for + years, since 1993, how long?, the whole week …etc , for … now

1. An action that has just stopped or recently stopped
* يعبر عن حدث بدأ في الماضي وتوقف أخيرا
I'm tired because I've been running.
Recent action. Result now.
• I'm tired [now] because I've been running.
• Why is the grass wet [now]? Has it been raining?
2. An action continuing up to now : حدث مازال مستمرا حتى الآن

I have been reading for 2 hours.
Action started in past. Action is continuing now.
• I have been reading for 2 hours. [I am still reading now.]
• We've been studying since 9 o'clock. [We're still studying now.]
• How long have you been learning English? [You are still learning now.]
• We have not been smoking. [And we are not smoking now.]
For and Since
for since
a period of time a point in past time
20 minutes 6.15pm
three days Monday
6 months January
4 years 1994
2 centuries 1800
a long time I left school
ever the beginning of time
* Here are some examples:
• I have been studying for 3 hours.
• I have been watching TV since 7pm.
• Tara hasn't been feeling well for 2 weeks.
• Tara hasn't been visiting us since March.
• He has been playing football for a long time.
• He has been living in Bangkok since he left school.
صيغـة المجهول
* زمن المضارع التام المستمر لا يحول إلى صيغة المجهول, ولكن يمكن استخدام خطوة المضارع التام لهذا الغرض:
• He has been studying English for two hours.
• - English has been studied for two hours.

5- Simple Past Tense : الماضي البسيط



* تكوينـه : يتكون من التصريف الثاني للفعل بإضافة ed \ d \ ied للفعل إذا كان عاديا, شاذا له تصريف خاص ( يحفظ ).


نوع الفعل تصريف أول تصريف ثاني تصريف ثالث
regular verb
الفعل العادي work
explode worked
exploded worked
exploded
Irregular verb
الفعل الشاذ go went gone

* Negative sentences in the simple past tense is: * حالة النفي
subject + الفعل المساعد + + Inf. المصدر
did not المصدر
* Question sentences in the simple past tense is: * صيغة السؤال
auxiliary verb + subject + main verb
did الفاعل المصدر?

subject auxiliary verb main verb
+ I went to school.
You worked very hard.
- She did not go with me.
We did not work yesterday.
? Did you go to London?
Did they work at home?


’
Signal words : الكلمات الدالة
yesterday, 2 minutes ago, in 1990, the other day, last Friday, if sentence type II (If I talked, …), in the past , in the ancient times
* Exception! استثناء
* لاحـــظ أن فعل to be ( was \ were ) , في حالتي النفي والسؤال لا نستخدم معهما الفعل did )) , انظر إلى هذه الأمثلة :
subject main verb
+ I, he/she/it was here.
You, we, they were in London.
- I, he/she/it was not there.
You, we, they were not happy.
? Was I, he/she/it right?
Were you, we, they late?
* يعبر هذا الزمن عن : - حدث وقع في الماضي سواء من فترة قصيرة أو طويلة – أو حدث وقع عند نقطة معينة في الماضي – يستخدم عندما نقول نريد أن نقول متى وقع الحدث – أو يستخدم عند عرض قصة وقعت في الماضي


* Here are some short events: أحداث من وقت قصير
The car exploded at 9.30am yesterday.
She went to the door.
We did not hear the telephone.
Did you see that car?
The action is in the past. الحدث في الماضي

* Here are some long events : أحداث منذ زمن طويل
I lived in Bangkok for 10 years.
The Jurassic period lasted about 62 million years.
The action is in the past.
* Here are some more examples:
• I lived in that house when I was young.
• He didn't like the movie.
• What did you eat for dinner?
• John drove to London on Monday.
• Mary did not go to work yesterday.
• Did you play tennis last week?
• I was at work yesterday.
• We were not late (for the train).
• Were you angry?
*Put the sentences into simple past.
1. She hugs her little brother. →
2. The candle does not burn. →
3. Do they chat in a forum? →
صيغة المجهول
* التحول إلى المجهول في الماضي البسيط نستخدم هذه الخطوة :
was , were + p.p.
I saw a nice film . A nice film was seen.



6- Past Continuous Tense : الماضي المستمر




* تكوينـه : يتكون من :

subject + الفعل المساعد + الفعل الرئيسي
الفاعل was
were V+ ing

* هنا في هذا الجدول صيغة الإثبات , و النفي , والسؤال
subject الفعل المساعد الفعل الرئيسي
+ I was watching TV.
+ You were working hard.
- He, she, it was not helping Mary.
- We were not joking.
? Were you being silly?
? Were they playing football?

* How do we use the Past Continuous Tense?
• يعبر هذا الزمن عن : 1- حدث كان مستمرا في فترة معينة في الماضي.
2- حدثان كانا مستمران في آن واحد.
3- حدث كان مستمرا ثم أتى حدث آخر عليه وقطعه.
( لاحظ أن الفعل الذي قطعه يوضع في الماضي البسيط )
4- عندما نستخدم الماضي المستمر , فإننا نشير إلى الوقت الذي كان مستمرا فيه الحدث
At 8pm yesterday, I was watching TV.
At 8pm, I was in the middle of watching TV.
* Here are some examples : أمثلة
• I was working at 10pm last night.
• What were you doing when he arrived?
Past Continuous Tense + Simple Past Tense
I was walking past the car when it exploded.
When the car exploded I was walking past it.
The car exploded while I was walking past it.
While I was walking past t it exploded.
Just as
( As ) AS I was playing I fell down
صيغة المجهول

* نستخدم هذه الطريقة : was , were + being + p.p.

He was reading a story. A story was being read.
********************************************
7- Past Perfect Tense : الماضي التام

* تكوينـه : يتكون من :
subject + الفعل المساعد + main verb
الفاعل had p.p.
*يعبر عن : حدث تم في الماضي وانتهى قبل حدوث حدث آخر - إذا وقع حدثان متتالين, يكون أولهما ماضي تام , والثاني ( ماضي بسيط )
* صيغة الإثبات و النفي والسؤال في الماضي التام : انظر هذا الجدول :
subject auxiliary verb main verb
+ I had finished my work.
+ You had stopped before me.
- She had not gone to school.
- We had not left.
? Had you arrived?
* Abbreviation of ( had ) ( ‘d ) : had * اختصار
I had I'd
you had you'd
he had
she had
it had he'd
she'd
it'd
we had we'd
they had they'd

Signal words : الكلمات الدالة
already, just, never, not yet, once, until that day
if sentence type III (If I had talked,by + فترة ماضية
أو أدوات الربط التالية :
After ( past perfect ) , ( past simple )
Before ( past simple ) , ( past perfect )
By the time ( past simple ) , ( past perfect )
AS soon as ( past perfect ) , ( past simple )
When ( past perf. ) , ( past simple )
No sooner ( past perf.) than ( past simple )
( past simple منفى ) till ( until ) ( past perf. )
( past simple ) because ( past perf. )

* Here are some examples :
The train had left when we arrived.
It means the train had left before we arrived and we didn’t catch it
• I wasn't hungry. I had just eaten.
• They were hungry. They had not eaten for five hours.
• I didn't know who he was. I had never seen him before.
• "Mona wasn't at home when I arrived."
"Really? Where had she gone?"
►We often use the past perfect tense in reported speech after verbs like
( said, told, asked, thought, wondered )
* لا حظ أننا نستخدم الماضي التام في صيغة الغير مباشر مع الأفعال السالف ذكرها
* Look at these examples:
• He told us that the train had left.
• I thought I had met her before, but I was wrong.
• He explained that he had closed the window because of the rain.
• I wondered if I had been there before.
• I asked them why they had not finished.
صيغة المجهول
* لتحويل الماضي التام إلي المجهول نستخدم هذه الخطوة :
(Had + been + p.p. )
e.g.* She had closed the window. The window had been closed.
8- Simple Future Tense : المستقبل البسيط



* تكوينـه : يتكون من :

subject + الفعل المساعد + main verb
الفاعل will المصدر
ا
subject + الفعل المساعد + main verb
الفاعل be going to المصدر

subject الفعل المساعد main verb
+ I will open the door.
+ You will finish before me.
- She will not be at school tomorrow.
- We will not leave yet.
? Will you arrive on time?
? Will they want dinner?
* اختصار will :
I will I'll
you will you'll
he will
she will
it will he'll
she'll
it'll
we will we'll
they will they'll
won't, * الاختصار في حالة النفي
I will not I won't
you will not you won't
he will not
she will not
it will not he won't
she won't
it won't
we will not we won't
they will not they won't
1- ( No Plan ) : 1- يستخدم هذا الزمن عندما لا يوجد خطة لفعل شيء
• Hold on. I'll get a pen.
• We will see what we can do to help you.
• Maybe we'll stay in and watch television tonigh
• I think I'll go to the gym tomorrow.
• I think I will have a holiday next year.
• I don't think I'll buy that car.
2- ( Prediction ) : 2- يستخدم للتعبير عن التنبؤ
• It will rain tomorrow.
• People won't go to Jupiter before the 22nd century.
• Who do you think will get the job?
3- ( Be ) : 3- نستخدم فعل ( يكون ) عندما يكون هناك خطة أو قرار
• I'll be in London tomorrow.
• I'm going shopping. I won't be very long.
• Will you be at work tomorrow?
4- ( intention ) : 4- للتعبير عن النية أو القصد
* I am going to visit my uncle tonight.
Signal words : الكلمات الدالة
in a year, next …, tomorrow , in the future , soon
If- Typ I (If you ask her, she will help you.), I hope , I expect , I think, probably, we might …, perhaps
صيغة المجهول
• عند تحويل المستقبل البسيط إلي صيغة المجهول نتبع هذه الخطوة :
Will + be + p.p.
* He will visit the pyramids The pyramids will be visited.
************************************************** ****
9- Future Continuous Tense : المستقبل المستمر


* تكوين المستقبل المستمر :


S + will + verb BE + main verb
will be V + ing

Signal words : الكلمات الدالة
in one year, next week, tomorrow
* صيغة المستقبل المستمر في الإثبات و النفي والسؤال في هذا الجدول :
subject auxiliary verb auxiliary verb main verb
+ I will be working at 10am.
+ You will be lying on a beach tomorrow.
- She will not be using the car.
- We will not be having dinner at home.
? Will you be playing football?
? Will they be watching TV?
• When we use the future continuous tense in speaking, we often contract the subject and will:نستخدم الاختصارات في المواقف الشفهية


I will I'll
you will you'll
he will
she will
it will he'll
she'll
it'll
we will we'll
they will they'll

I will not I won't
you will not you won't
he will not
she will not
it will not he won't
she won't
it won't
we will not we won't
they will not they won't
* How do we use the Future Continuous Tense?:
* يعبر هذا الزمن عن حدث سيحدث ويستمر في وقت معين في المستقبل

At 4 pm tomorrow, I will be working.

* Here are some examples : أمثلة
• I will be playing tennis at 10am tomorrow.
• They won't be watching TV at 9pm tonight.
• What will you be doing at 10pm tonight?
• What will you be doing when I arrive?
• She will not be sleeping when you telephone her.
• We 'll be having dinner when the film starts.
• Take your umbrella. It will be raining when you return.
صيغة المجهول
* لتحويل المستقبل المستمر إلي المجهول نتبع هذه الخطوة :
Will be + being + p.p.
e.g. * She will be waiting for you. You will be being waited for.
10- Future Perfect Tense : المستقبل التام



We will have done it by the end of this week
* The structure of the future perfect : * تكوين المستقبل التام
subject + WILL + verb HAVE + main verb
will have p.p.
* صيغة الإثبات والسؤال و النفي في المستقبل التام:
subject auxiliary verb auxiliary verb main verb
+ I will have finished by 10am.
+ You will have forgotten me by then.
- She will not have gone to school.
- We will not have left.
? Will you have arrived?
? Will they have received it?

Signal words : الكلمات الدالة
by Monday, in a week …..
* Put the verbs into the correct form (future perfect).
1. By 9 o'clock we (cook) …….. dinner.
2. They (eat) ……… by then.
3. In one week he (cross) ……….. the Atlantic by boat.
4. She (go) ……… home.
* الاختصارات في المستقبل التام :
I will have I'll have I'll've
you will have you'll have you'll've
he will have
she will have
it will have he'll have
she'll have
it'll have he'll've
she'll've
it'll've
we will have we'll have we'll've
they will have they'll have they'll've
* يعبر عن حدث سيتم حدوثه عند نقطة معينة في المستقبل ( يسمى بالماضي في المستقبل )
* The train will leave the station at 9am. You will arrive at the station at 9.15am. When you arrive, the train will have left.
The train will have left when you arrive.
Train leaves in future at 9am.
You arrive in future at 9.15am.
* Look at some more examples: أمثلة
• You can call me at work at 8am. I will have arrived at the office by 8.
• They will be tired when they arrive. They will not have slept for a long time.
• "Maher won't be at home when you arrive."
"Really? Where will she have gone?"
صيغة المجهول
* نستخدم الخطوة التالية عند التحويل إلي المجهول :
will have + been + p.p.
* EXAMPLE:
* The Post Office will have returned my package before I can pick it up. My package will have been returned by the Post Office before I can pick it up
* Rewrite with no change and give the same meaning :

1- We were having dinner and suddenly the doorbell rang.
( while )
2- He is travelling next week. ( travel )
3- When I was on holiday, I went to the library everyday.
( used to )
4- During the rain, he drove into a tree. ( Just as )
5- First he made a plan. Then he robbed the bank. ( After )
6- He didn’t go out until he had done his homework. ( as soon as )
7- After he had finished work, he went to bed. ( Having )
8- I went for a swim when I had finished my work. ( I didn’t )
9- Ahmed will give you his camera. ( Ahmed’s camera -- )
10- Bill invented the telephone. ( was )
11- The teacher was watching us inside the class. ( We )
12- She showed me her photo. ( I )
13- They are using the internet. ( being )
14- Did you have a telephone in your flat? ( Was )
15- The police will catch the burglar sooner or later. ( be )
16- Dina has just finished these reports. ( have )
17- it hasn’t rained here for years. ( The last time …)
18- He finished his work a moment ago. ( just )
19- It’s a long time since he wrote to me ( for )
20- We last phoned him when he was in hospital. ( haven’t )
21- It’s five years since I met her. (ago )
22- He joined the army in 2002 and he is still there. ( for )
23- There are many sources of wealth in Egypt. ( has )
24- English is spoken all over the world. ( People )
25- Nothing has been found. ( The police )
26- We grow the best cotton. ( is )
27- I went to Cairo and came back. ( have been )
28- She visits me twice a week. ( How often )
29- it has been raining for three hours now. ( How long )
30- I plan to go on a journey to Aswan in winter. ( going )
31- I last met him a week ago. ( for )
32- it is a long time since he phoned me. ( for )
33- He hasn’t come to Egypt for years. ( since )
34- He has never heard such a funny story. ( funniest )
35- I have been reading this book for a week. ( ago )
36- I haven’t told anyone about my journey to Europe. ( been )
37- After he had finished his work, he went out. ( No sooner )
38- My father went to Luxor and he is still there. ( gone )
39- They didn’t cut the tree. ( The tree --- )
40- I haven’t visited him for three weeks. ( It is -- )
41- Could you show me how to make a dress? ( instructions )