الوحدة الثانية3ث

[عاطف خليفة]

Famous writers

* Vocabulary

· famousمشهور Well - known

· Fame الشهرة The condition of being known or talked about by all.

· Writer كاتب / مؤلف Author: a person who writes something.

· culture ثقافة Intellectual development in society.

· cultural ثقافى Having to do with culture.

· religion دين The belief in the existence of a supernatural power, the creator of the universe a belief in one or more gods.

· religious دينى Of a religion, having faith.

· article مقال A piece of writing, complete in itself as in a newspaper.

· matter أمر/موضوع Subject to which attention is given.

· poetry شعر The art of writing poems.

· courageous شجاع Brave.

· promoter مشجع A person who actively encourages the success of a person.

· Right حق What is morally good, legal and just.

· Male مذكر The *** that doesn’t give birth to children.

· Dominate يسيطر To have strong control, authority and influence.

· Sheikh شيخ An Arab prince or head of an Arab village.

· Meeting لقاء/اجتماع A coming together of a number of people at a
certain time and place for discussion.

· Illiterate أمى / غير قادر على القراءة أو الكتابة Unable to read or write.

· Persuade يقنع Convince to make a person believe something.

· Pen-name اسم مستعار يتخذه الكاتب

A name used by an author instead of a real name.

· tradition تقليد A habit, custom or belief that is passed to thenext
generation.

· Bring-up يربى To care for a person and give moral and social
training during childhood.

· The press الصحافة Newspapers and magazines.

· Take part يشارك Participate , contribute.

· Respect احترام The feeling of honour for a person.

· Literatureالأدب The writing or the study of books valued as works of art.

· Staff هيئة الموظفين A group of professional workers in a business.

· Research بحث A detailed study to discover new facts.

· Masterwork عمل رائع A master piece

· Include يتضمن To consider as part of the whole.

· Titleعنوان/اسم/لقب A name of a book, poem or picture.

· Various متنوع Several , Different.

· Overcome يتغلب على Get over. To be too strong for a person or a habit to defeat.

· Traditional تقليدى Relating to the traditions of a country.

· Argue يجادل to talk about a decision and express a differentopinion.

· Restrictions قيود rules or laws that limits what you are allowed to do.

· Hold يمسك to have a job or position.

· Post وظيفة an important job.

· Chair person رئيس الجلسة أو المنظمة

someone who is in charge of a meeting, organization or a department.

· As well أيضاً also.

· Witness شاهد a person who was present at an event and could describe it.

· Scholar تلميذ/طالب a person who studies a subject and knows a lot about it.

· spread ينشر to cause something to become wider

· Task مهمة/عمل a particular piece of work to be done.

· Vacation إجازة a period of time when you don’t have to work.

· Gallery صالة عرض للأعمال الفنية

a room or building where you can look at famous painting and other types of art.

· Truth الحقيقة The true facts about something.

· prejudice إجحاف/تحيز/أذى

a preconceived opinion. Harm that may result from some action or judgement.

· Advocate يدافع عن/يؤيد plead for or support.

· Promote يعزز/يشجع help forward; encourage.

· Domination تحكم/سيطرة Control

· Current جارى/حالى Belonging to the present; happening now.

· Affair أمر/شأن Matter or thing to be attended to.

· Observer مراقب/ملاحظA person who take notice of everything.

· Lifetime العمر/حياة المرء Duration of a person’s life.

· Worldwide عالمى الانتشار Through out the world.

· Diplomat دبلوماسى A member of diplomatic service.

· Opportunity فرصة Chance.

· Career مهنة/وظيفة Profession or occupation.

· Civil servantموظف فى دوائر الحكومةMember of the civil service.

· Award جائزة/مكافأة A prize given to a person for doing something.

· Member عضو A person belonging to a society or academy.

· Elect ينتخب Choose a person by vote.

· Graduate يتخرج Take academic degree.

· Theatre مسرح A building with a stage where plays are performed.

· Actor ممثل Someone who performs in a play or film.

· Company صحبة A group of actors, dancers … etc who work together.

· Playwright كاتب مسرحى Someone who writes plays.

· Verse شعر/نظم Words arranged in the form of poetry.

· Biography السيرة/ قصة حياة شخص يكتبها غيرهA book about a person’s life.

* Grammar

Past tenses and Past passives

1. The past simple tense is used to express a finished action in the past.

· يستخدم الماضى البسيط للتعبير عن حدث انتهى فى الماضى.

Ex.

Taha Hussien wrote a lot of books. (Affirmative)
He didn’t write poetry. (Negative)
When did he write “AlAyam”? (Question)

2. To express actions which follow each other in a story.

· للتعبير عن أحداث تتبع كل منها الآخر فى قصة.

Ex.

Mary walked into the room and stopped. She listened

carefully. She heard a noise ……

3. To express a past situation or habit.

· للتعبير عن عادة كانت تحدث فى الماضى.

Ex.

When I was young, we lived in a small house.
When I visited Alex. I went for a swim everyday.

·

This is often expressed with "used to" .

· وغالباً تستخدم

used to مع مصدر الفعل للتعبير عن عادة كانت تحدث فى الماضى.

Ex.

When we were young, we used to live in a small house.
When I visited Alex. I used to go for a walk.

* Spelling the past simple tense.

ملاحظات على هجاء الماضى البسيط.

1. Regular verbs add - ed - to the base form of the verb.

· مع الأفعال المنتظمة تضاف ed إلى مصدر الفعل.

2. When the verb ends in e , just add d

عندما ينتهى الفعل بحرف e فإننا نضيف d فقط.

Ex.

lived / hated / arrived / cared / liked.

3. If the verb has only one syllable, and ends with a vowel and a consonant, the consonant is doubled.
· الأفعال ذات المقطع الواحد والمنتهية بحرف متحرك وآخر ساكن يضعف الحرف الساكن (الأخير).

Ex.

stopped / robbed / planned.

4. If there are two vowels before the consonant, do not double it.
· إذا سبق الحرف الساكن حرفان متحركان فلن يكون هناك تضعيف للحرف الساكن.

Ex.

cleaned / cooked / dreamed.

5. Verbs that end in a consonant + y change to
consonant + ied.

الأفعال المنتهية بحرف ساكن ثم Y تحول إلى ied.

Ex.

cried / carried / hurried / burried.

6. In most two - syllable verbs, the end consonant is doubled if the stress is on the second syllable.
· فى معظم الأفعال المكونة من مقطعين يضعف الحرف الأخير الساكن.

Ex.

preferred / admitted

The past simple and time expressions.

الماضى البسيط والتعبيرات الزمنية.

· We use some time expressions with the past simple such as:

· تستخدم بعض التعبيرات الزمنية مع زمن الماضى البسيط مثل:

Last night / two days ago / in 1999 / last summer.
When I was young / yesterday morning.

They usually go at one end of the sentence.

وتستخدم هذه التعبيرات فى بداية أواخر الجملة.

Ex.

I visited my uncle yesterday morning.
Last summer we went to Alex.

The past simple tense (passive)

تتكون صيغة الماضى البسيط فى المبنى للمجهول من:

was
+ P.P
were

Past simple: Active

Someone stole the money.

Passive

The money was stolen.

Supposed to :

1.supposed to = should = ought to

· We use supposed toto mean should or ought to, often When we are talking about an outside authority, such as a teacher, a parent or the law.
· غالبا نستخدم Supposed to لتعنى should أو toought عندما نتحدث عن سلطة خارجية تجعلنا نؤدى هذا العمل مثل مدرس أو أحد الوالدين أو القانون.

Ex.

We supposed to write a composition tonight.
(The teacher told us to do this)

وتستخدم supposed to + not فى حالة النفى.

Ex.

We aren’t supposed to drive fast in the town.
(The law tells us not to do this)
· This structure can also be used with a past or future meaning.
· ويمكن أيضاً استخدام supposed to بمعنى يدل على الماضى أو المستقبل.

Ex

. I was supposed to study yesterday evening, but I
was too tired.

Ex.

I must hurry. I’m supposed to meet Heba at 12 O’clock.

2. Supposed to = said to

· This use of supposed to is the same it is said / believed / thought to.
· ويعد هذا الاستخدام لـ supposed to نفس الاستخدام مع

it is believed / said …… etc.
Ex. let’s go and see that film. It’s supposed to be very good.
I’m not going to read that book. It’s not supposed to be very interesting.

* Suffixes

A suffix is a letter or letters added to the end of a word to make a new one.
الـ suffix هو عبارة عن حرف أو عدة أحرف تضاف لنهاية الكلمة لتشكل كلمة جديدة.

A suffix change words to different parts of speech, for example a noun to an adjective or forms a verb to a noun.
هذا الـ suffix يغير الكلمات إلى أجزاء كلمات مختلفة من اسم إلى صفة أو من فعل إلى اسم.