deduction , obligation ( positive & negative

[medo1960]

أبنائي الطلبة والطالبات
اليكم هذا الجدول البسيط ويحتوي على كيف تعبر عن الإستنتاج و الإضطرار ( مثبت ومنفي ) في المضارع والماضي
وكذلك بعض الأمثلة التوضيحية لهذه الحالات وبعض حالات الإحتمال الأخرى - والجدول من تصميمي
محمود حسنين على سعد مدرس أول لغة انجليزية
pen name : medo 1960

جدول إجمالي يبين كيفية التعبير عن الاضطرار والاستنتاج

في المضارع والماضي ونفي كل منهم

Obligation اضطرار

Deduction استنتاج

اثبات affirmative

نفي negative

اثباتaffirmative

نفي negative

مضارع

Must + inf.

Have to + inf.

Has to + inf.

Don't have to + inf

Doesn't have to+inf

Needn't + inf.

Must be

Can't be

ماضي

Had to + inf

Didn't have to+inf.
لم يكن مضطرو لم يفعل
Needn't have +p.p.
لم يكن مضطر وفعل

Must have+p.p.

Can't have+p.p.

He looks very pale. He must be ill.

She is wearing a white coat and is examining the patients. She must be a doctor.

Mona bought a Mercedes , she can't be poor.

He was sad. He must have received bad news.

There is a lot of water in the streets. It must have rained.

He studied very hard. He can’t have failed the test.
Their luggage is still here. They can't have traveled yet.

لاحظ أن may have +p.p. تعبر عن شئ محتمل الحدوث

We don't see him any more. He may have moved.

أما might have + p.p. تعبر عن شئ أقل احتمالا في الحدوث
He was not found after the plane crash. He might have been killed.

و يمكن استخدام may/might فى النفى

Perhaps he didn’t read the papers.

He might not have read the papers. (Passive)

The papers might not have been read.

Perhaps they didn’t know the address. ( may )

They may not have known the address. (Passive)

The address may not have been known.

¨ يمكن استخدام could بدلا من may / might

Could have + PP.

He hasn’t visited us for a long time. He could have been busy.

(= He may/might have been busy)

و يمكن أن تعبر أيضا عن شيء كان من الممكن حدوثه ولكنه لم يحدث

He was able to do the job but he didn’t. (could)

He could have done the job.

[Ala'a Eldin]

جميل جدا يا مستر
دايما مواضيعك مميزة وفى الجون
أنت فى هذا المنتدى كالجندى المجهول فى ميدان القتال