قواعد الصف الاول الثانوى:(تشكيله متنوعه من معلمى المنتدى )

[medo1960]

Pronouns

Definition. - A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. Pronouns can be in one of three cases: Subject, Object, or Possessive.

Rule 1.

Subject pronouns are used when the pronoun is the subject of the sentence. You can remember subject pronouns easily by filling in the blank subject space for a simple sentence.

Example:

______ did the job.
I, you, he, she, it, we, and they all fit into the blank and are, therefore, subject pronouns.

Rule 2.

Subject pronouns are also used if they rename the subject. They follow to be verbs such as is, are, was, were, am, and will be.

Examples:

It is he.

This is she speaking.

It is we who are responsible for the decision to downsize.

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NOTE: In spoken English, most people tend to follow to be verbs with object pronouns. Many English teachers support (or at least have given in to) this distinction between written and spoken English.

Example:

It could have been them.

Better:

It could have been they.

Example:

It is just me at the door.

Better:

It is just I at the door.

Rule 3.

Object pronouns are used everywhere else (direct object, indirect object, object of the preposition). Object pronouns are me, you, him, her, it, us, and them.

Examples:

Jean talked to him.

Are you talking to me?

To be able to choose pronouns correctly, you must learn to identify clauses. A clause is a group of words containing a verb and subject.

Rule 4a.

A strong clause can stand on its own.

Examples:

She is hungry.

I am feeling well today.

Rule 4b.

A weak clause begins with words such as although, since, if, when, and because. Weak clauses cannot stand on their own.

Examples:

Although she is hungry...

If she is hungry...

Since I am feeling well...

Rule 4c.

If a sentence contains more than one clause, isolate the clauses so that you can decide which pronoun is correct.

Examples:

Weak

Strong

[Although she is hungry,]

[she will give him some of her food.]

[Although this gift is for him,]

[I would like you to have it too.]

Rule 5.

To decide whether to use the subject or object pronoun after the words than or as, mentally complete the sentence.

Examples:

Tranh is as smart as she/her.
If we mentally complete the sentence, we would say, "Tranh is as smart as she is." Therefore, she is the correct answer.

Zoe is taller than I/me.
Mentally completing the sentence, we have, "Zoe is taller than I am."

Daniel would rather talk to her than I/me.
We can mentally complete this sentence in two ways: "Daniel would rather talk to her than to me." OR "Daniel would rather talk to her than I would." As you can see, the meaning will change depending on the pronoun you choose.

Rule 7.

Reflexive pronouns - myself, himself, herself, itself, themselves, ourselves, yourself, yourselves- should be used only when they refer back to another word in the sentence.

Correct:

I did it myself.

Incorrect:

My brother and myself did it.
The word myself does not refer back to another word.

Correct:

My brother and I did it.

Incorrect:

Please give it to John or myself.

Correct:

Please give it to John or me.

Best Wishes,,,,,,,,,

Mahmoud Hassanin Ali Saad

Senior Teacher Of English

Meet-El-Nahaal Prep/Sec. Azhar Institute For Girls

Mansoura Zone

0120564156

Mahmoud_saad1960@yahoo.com

[Hazem Sheir]

شرح مبسط للـ Active & passive

[محمد عبد الوهاب3]

very good

[medo1960]

Subject/Verb Agreement

Basic Rule.

The basic rule states that a singular subject takes a singular verb, while a plural subject takes a plural verb.

الفاعل المفرد يأخذ فعل مفرد والفاعل الجمع يأخذ فعل جمع

NOTE: The trick is in knowing whether the subject is
singular or plural.

الخدعة والمهم أن تعرف هل الفاعل مفرد أم جمع

The next trick is recognizing a singular or plural verb.

والخطوة الثانية أن تتعرف على الفعل هل هو مفرد أم جمع

Hint: Verbs do not form their plurals by adding an( s ) as nouns do. In order to determine which verb is singular and which one is plural, think of which verb you would use with he or she and which verb you would use with they.

Talks ( فعل مفرد ) talk ( فعل جمع)
Which one is the singular form?

Which word would you use with he?

We say, "He talks." Therefore, talks is singular.

We say, "They talk." Therefore, talk is plural.

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Rule 1.

Two singular subjects connected by ( or ) OR ( nor) require a singular verb.

Example:

My aunt or my uncle is arriving by train today.

Rule 2.

Two singular subjects connected by ( either…or ) OR

( neither…nor ) require a singular verb as in Rule 1.

Examples:

Neither Juan nor Carmen is available.

Either Ola or Abeer is helping today with stage decorations.

Rule 3.

When ( I ) is one of the two subjects connected by

( either…or ) OR ( neither…nor ), put ( I ) second and follow it with the singular verb ( am) .

Example:

Neither she nor I am going to the festival.

Rule 4.

When a singular subject is connected by(or )OR (nor ) to a plural subject, put the plural subject last and use a plural verb.

Example:

The table or the plates are not clean.

Rule 5.

When a singular and plural subject are connected by either/or OR neither/nor, put the plural subject last and use a plural verb.

Example:

Neither Mona nor the others are lazy.

Rule 6.

As a general rule, use a plural verb with two or

more subjects when they are connected by and.

Example:

A car and a bike are my means of transportation.

Rule 7.

Sometimes the subject is separated from the verb by words such as (along with, as well as, besides, or not ). Ignore these expressions when determining whether to use a singular or plural verb.

أحيانا تأتي تعبيرات تفصل بين الفاعل والفعل مثل : as well as , along with , besides , not ) )
عليك أن تتجاهل هذه التعبيرات هي والإسم الذي بعدها أي كأنهم غير موجودين ، عند تحديد الفعل مفرد أو جمع ، فكما قلنا الفعل يتبع فاعله

Examples:

The politician, along with the newsmen, is expected shortly.

Excitement, as well as nervousness, is the cause
of her shaking.

Rule 8.

The pronouns each, everyone, every one, everybody, anyone, anybody, someone, and somebody are singular and require singular verbs. Do not be misled by what follows of.

التعبيرات :

each , everyone , every one , everybody , anyone , anybody , someone , somebody

هي تعبيرات مفردة وبالتالي فعلها يكون مفرد، ولاتنخدع بالإسم الذي يأتي بعد of

Examples:

Each of the girls sings well.

Every one of the cakes is gone.

NOTE: Everyone is one word when it means everybody.

لاحظ أن everyone تكون كلمة واحدة إذا كان معناها everybody أى ( الكل )

Every one is two words when the meaning is each one.

ولكنها تكون كلمتين اذا كان معناها ( كل واحد )

Rule 9.

With words that indicate portions النسبpercent, fraction الكسر, part, majority, some, all, none, remainder, and so forth وهكذاlook at the noun in your of phrase (object of the preposition) to determine whether to use a singular or plural verb.

مع الكلمات التي تشير الى ( نسب ، في المائه ، كسور ، أجزاء ، الغالبية ، الكل ( اثبات all أو نفي none ) ، الباقي وهكذا ، يتوقف كون الفعل مفرد أو جمع على مفعول حرف الجر أي الإسم الذي يأتي بعد حرف الجر ، اذا كان مفرد يكون الفعل مفرد واذا كان جمع يكون الفعل جمع

Examples:

Fifty percent of the meat has been eaten.
Meat is the object of the preposition of.

Fifty percent of the books have been read.
Books is the object of the preposition.

One-third of the city is unemployed.

One-third of the people are unemployed.

NOTE: Hyphenate all spelled-out fractions. لابد من كتابة (-) عند كتابة الكسور

All of the rice is gone.

All of the onions are gone.

Some of the meat is missing.

Some of the onions are missing.

None of the garbage was picked up.

None of the sentences were written correctly.

Of all her books, none have sold as well as the first one.

NOTE:
لاحظ أن كلمة none يمكن أن تعتبر مفرد أو جمع وبذلك يكون فعلها مفرد أو جمع
When none is clearly intended to mean not one or not any, it is followed by a singular verb.
ولكنها عندما تعني ( لا أحد ) او ( لا شئ ) تكون مفرد وبالتالي يكون فعلها مفرد

Rule 10.

When ( either ) and ( neither ) are subjects, they always take singular verbs.

اذا استخدمنا either / neither كفاعل فالفعل لابد أن يكون مفرد

Examples:

Neither of them is available to speak right now.

Either of us is capable of doing the job.

Rule 11.

The words here and there have generally been labeled as adverbs even though they indicate place. In sentences beginning with here or there, the subject follows the verb.

لاحظ أن الفاعل يأتي بعد الفعل إذا بدأت الجملة بظرفي المكانhere / there

Examples:

There are four eggs to boil.

There is one man to talk to.

Rule 12.

Use a singular verb with sums of money or periods of time.

لابد من استخدام فعل مفرد إذا كان الفاعل ( مبالغ نقدية ) أو ( فترات زمنية )

Examples:

Ten dollars is a high price to pay.

Five years is the maximum sentence for that crime.

Rule 13.

Sometimes the pronoun who, that, or which is the

subject of a verb in the middle of the sentence. The pronouns who, that, and which become singular or

plural according to the noun directly in front of them. So, if that noun is singular, use a singular verb. If it is plural, use a plural verb.

Examples:

Abeer is the scientist who ( writes – write ) the reports.
The word in front of ( who ) is ( scientist ), which is singular.

Therefore, use the singular verb ( writes ).

He is one of the men who ( does – do ) the work.
The word in front of ( who) is ( men ), which is plural.

Therefore, use the plural verb ( do ).

Rule 14.

Collective nouns such as ( team ) and ( staff ) may be either singular or plural depending on their use in the sentence.

الأسماء الشمولية مثل

Team , staff , family , army , group

يمكن أن تكون مفرد أو جمع حسب استخدامها في الجملة ، وبالتالي الفعل يكون مفرد أو جمع

Examples:

The staff is in a meeting.
Staff is acting as a unit here.

The staff are in disagreement about the findings.
The staff are acting as separate individuals.

In this example, the sentence would read even better as:The staff members are in disagreement about the findings.

Reference : Jane Straus, The Blue Book Of Grammar and Punctuation

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Best Wishes,,,,,,,,,

Mahmoud Hassanin Ali Saad

Senior Teacher Of English

Meet-El-Nahaal Prep/Sec. Azhar Institute For Girls

Mansoura Zone

0120564156

Mahmoud_saad1960@yahoo.com

[MR.SAMY]

جزاكم الله خيرا

[MR.SAMY]

جزاكم الله خيرا

[سلوي2010]

شكرا على هذا المجهود أفادكم الله

[Mr. ABDELHADY]

Thanksssssssssss...

[ابن سيناء]

since/for/ago

[rouaa2007]

هذه هى هديتى لكم فى هذا المنتدى الغالى وهى عبارة عن مذكرة قواعد منقولة من أحد المواقع و أسم صاحبها عليها و ارجو ان ينفعكم الله بها

[magic50]

مذكرة ممتازة جزاك الله وجزى صاحبها خيرا

[مسيو وليد عسكر]

اكرمك الله اخي الكريم وجزاك كل خير

[سامى عامر1]

كل سنة وانتم طيبين

[professionall2006]

Thanx a lot sir

[adli adli]

عمل اكثر من رائع يا مستر محمود