الوحدة الاولي3ث

[عاطف خليفة]

Energy

* Vocabulary

Energy طاقة The strength of a person to something.

Energetic نشيط Full of energy.

form شكل Shape.

natural طبيعي Not manufactured.

coal فحم A kind of black mineral that burns and
supplies heat.

oil زيت -بترول A liquid which doesn’t mix with water
obtained from animals’ plants or found
underground.

wind

رياح Air moving as the result of natural forces.

last

تدوم To continue.

Run out

ينفذ Finish or come to an end.

record

سجل للحقائق والأحداثA written statement of facts and events.

special

خاص Not used or ordinary.

private

خاص For the use of one person or group not
people in general.

renew

يجدد - ستحدث To begin again or to replace something
out of date with another.

Renewable

قابل للتجديد ,لا ينفذ Something that can be renewed.

Resource

مصدر A supply of goods or raw materials that
a person or a country has or can use.

reduce

خفض - يقلل Decrease xincrease.

allow

يسمح To give permission.

Move about

تتنقل Go here and there.

develop

ينمو - يتطور To grow larger and to be more mature.

Fossils

حفريات prehistoric animals or plants once buried in
earth, then hardened like rock.

Fuel

وقود Any substance used for producing heat or
energy like coal, oil and natural gas.

Decay

يتحلل - يفسد To cause to go bad.

Remains

بقايا What is left of something.

Bury

يدفن To put in the ground in a grave or in the sea.

Beneath

أسفل Below.

Layer

طبقةA thickness of material over surface.

Amount

كمية - مقدارQuantity.
Rubbish قمامةAny thing that is thrown away as it is worthless.

Century

قرنA period of 100 years.

Pump

يضخTo force something like water or air out or through something.
Windmill طاحونة هواء Mills worked by the action of the wind or
sails which revolve.

Connect to

تتصل بـJoin.

Turbine:

مولد - موتورAn engine or motor whose driving-wheel is
turned by a current of gas or water.

Generate:

يٌولِدTo cause (power)to exit or occur.

Hydro-electric power

The electricity produced from water power.

Atom

ذرهThe smallest unit of a chemical element.

Split

ينشطر - ينقسمDivide.

Enormous

هائلVery much or very large.

Release

يطلق سراحTo allow someone or something to go free.

Atomic

ذرى Of an atom or atoms.

Nuclear energy

طاقة نووية Energy for industry produced by nuclear
fission or division.

Waste

نفاية(N) material that you want to get rid of

Badly managed

ذات إدارة سيئة

Extremely

لغاية-جداًVery.

Blow

up ينفجر Explode.
Disease مرضIllness.
Almost تقريباً Nearly.
Originally أساساً-بداية In the beginning.

Center

مركزA middle part or point.
Reaction رد فعلA response to earlier action or activity.

Radiate

يشعTo send out rays of light or heat.

Soil

تربة زراعيةThe upper layer of earth in which plants grow.

Really

الواقع- حقاًIn fact without doubt.

Calculate

يحسبTo find out by working with number

Rather than

فضلاً عنIn preference to .
Turn off يطفئSwitch off. , to use a switch to stop a machine
from operating.

Recycle

يعيد تصنيعTo treat a used substance so that It can be used
again.

Label

نشرهA piece of paper for describing what something is.

Grammar

The present simple tense

زمن المضارع البسيط

*

Uses

· .To express an action that happens again and again; (a habit).
1- للتعبير عن عادة أو حدث يتكرر.

Ex. I get up at six o’clock.

· To express a fact, which is always true.
2- للتعبير عن حقيقة.

Ex. The sun gives us light and heat.

· .To express a fact Which stays the same for a longtime; a state.

3- للتعبير عن حقيقة تظل كما هى لفترة طويلة.

Ex. I prefer swimming to riding.

* The spelling of the present simple

ملاحظات على هجاء المضارع البسيط

Verbs usually add s to the base form in the third person singular.
1.عادة تضافs للمصدر مع ضمائر الغائب المفردة.

Ex. He sells … she helps … it drinks …

2.Verbs that end in O,SS,SH, CH,X, add ES.

2.تضاف ES للأفعال المنتهية بـ O,SS,SH, CH,.

Ex. go----- goes \wash------- washes \ mix ------- mixes
cross-------crosses\ watch------watches\ fix------fixes

3.Verbs that end in a consonant + y change to ies

3.الأفعال التى تنتهى بـ y ويسبقها حرف ساكن تحول إلى ies أما إذا سبقها حرف عله فتضاف s فقط.

Ex. cry cries play plays
Fly flies stay stays

· -Adverbs of frequency with the present simple:
· -غالباً ما تستخدم ظروف التكرار مع زمن المضارع البسيط وظروف التكرار هى:

always 100% دائماً not often 25 %
usually 85 % عادةً rarely 20% نادراً

often 75 % غالباً never 0 % أبداً

sometimes 50 % أحياناً
· -Adverbs of frequency go before the main verb, but after the verb to be.
· -تقع ظروف التكرار قبل الفعل الأصلى ولكن بعد V.to be

Ex. They usually visit luxor in winter.
They are usually late for work.

· Adverbs of time

· تستخدم أيضاً ظروف الزمان مع زمن المضارع البسيط وتستخدم إما فى بداية الجملة أو فى آخرها:

Every day / at night / in the afternoon

Ex. We go to school every day.
Every day we go to school.

* The present tenses in passive

· The present tenses can be changed into the passive when the action is more important than the person who is doing it

· تستخدم أزمنة المضارع فى المبنى للمجهول عندما يكون الحدث أكثر أهمية من الشخص الذى قام بهذا الحدث.

* Form

Be / get + P.P.

· Present simple : Active

someone irons these shirts every night.

· Passive :

These shirts are ironed every night.

· Present continous : Active

Someone is mending the car.

· Passive :

The car is being mended.

· Present perfect : Active

somebody has cleaned this room.

· Passive :

this room has been cleaned.

* Prefixes

a Prefix is syllable placed in front of a ward to add to or change its meaning.

·A prefix may Give the opposite meaning.

Ex. efficient inefficient.
legal illegal.

·A prefix may tell you about the number of thing.

Ex. monosyllabic it means has one syllable.

·A prefix may tell you about the position of thing.

Ex.

submarine it means under.