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11-08-2011, 05:39 PM
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مذكرة جرامر ثانية ثانوى ممتازة وجاهزة للتحميل
Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit One (1) The Present Simple Tense: (1) Form:والكلمات الجمع. ( I, We, They, You ) * نفس شكل الفعل فى المصدر مع الضمائر * We eat watermelons in summer. * They visit their relatives every week. * I have got two sisters. * You are always the top of your class. * She often cooks lunch at three. * He sometimes visits his neighbours. * It always rains in winter. * Mai phones me every day. * A mechanic fixes cars. * She washes her own clothes. * Nouran dresses her school uniform. * Amr always goes to school early. * He always tries hard in tests. * Maram studies her lessons regularly. * Amira plays the violin well. * The baby stays asleep all day. (a) Negative Form: * He doesn't eat meat. * We don't sleep early in summer. * I am not married. * They are not conceited at all. * تستخدم (never) أيضا للنفى ... * She never asks for help in tests. (b) Interrogative Form: [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image002.jpg[/IMG](1) Yes/No Questions: * Do you walk to school? - Yes, I do. – No, I don't. * Does Noha like fruit? - Yes, she does. – No, she doesn't. * Are you in 2nd year secondary? - Yes, I am. – No, I am not. * Is Reem cheerful? - Yes, she is. – No, she isn't. * Have you got any brothers? - Yes, I have. – No, I haven't. * Has Nada got any red blouses? - Yes, she has. – No, she hasn't. [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image004.jpg[/IMG](2) Wh Questions: * What do you do on Fridays? - I usually relax. * Why does Sally go to school late? - Because she gets up late. * How many sisters have you got? - I have got two sisters. * What has Mayada got? - She has got a lot of books. * What is the capital of Egypt? - Cairo is the capital of Egypt. * What are you? - I am a translator in a multinational company. Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit One (2) Usage:* يستخدم المضارع البسيط للتعبير عن حدث منتظم، دورى، ومتكرر. * We usually go skiing on holidays. * Basma always has her breakfast at home. * يستخدم المضارع البسيط للتعبير عن حقيقة ثابتة. * The sun sets in the west. * Water boils at 100 C. * Iron rusts when it is left to the air. * Man is born free. * يستخدم المضارع البسيط للتعبير عن عادة شخصية أو فردية. * I usually make my own sandwiches. * Rana often drinks tea after lunch. * يستخدم المضارع البسيط للتعبير عن أحداث مستقبلية( جداول مواعيد / برامج ذات مواعيد ثابتة ) كالتالى: * The plane to Madrid takes off at 6:30pm. * The mid-year exams start in January. * يستخدم المضارع البسيط مع الروابط الزمنية الآتية: ( After / As soon as / Before / By the time / When /Till / Until / If / Unless / The moment ) * As soon as I arrive home, I will phone you. * After you finish, call me. * He won't come until I invite him personally. * If you study hard, you will pass. * يستخدم المضارع البسيط مع التعليقات الرياضية كالتالى: * Beckham wins the ball, then he crosses and Owen scores. * أفعال الشعور والإدراك تأتى مع زمن المضارع البسيط:( Believe / Forget / Hate / Like / Understand / Know / See / Want / … etc. ) * He never forgets people's names. * We all believe in God. ***************************************** (3) Key words: (How often?) * هى ظروف التكرار التى نسأل عنها بكلمة الإستفهام ( every / usually / sometimes / always / often / never / rarely / frequently / generally / scarcely / seldom / occasionally / hardly / normally / ever / barely… * Mothers always love their children. * It rarely snows in Egypt. * I frequently assert the importance of studying regularly. * Do you ever work on Fridays? * لاحظ أن ظرف التكرار فى الجمل السابقة أتى قبل فعل الجملة الأساسى. * أما مع فعل يكون، يأتى بعد فعل يكون فى الجملة:* An egret is never yellow. * He is often happy. * Usually I walk to school. * I cycle to school sometimes. * Everyday in summer I read a new story. * We go to the gym every week. * At night we gather at Hasan's house. * She goes to school in the morning. Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit One ( Often / Always / Usually / Sometimes ) * He always studies hard. * He never studies hard. * Maram sometimes visits me at home. * Maram never visits me at home. * Never does she tell lies. ( Never + فعل مساعد + فاعل ) * ملحوظة هامة: تستخدم ( Always / Never ) للأوامر والنواهى، وتتبع بمصدر الفعل كالتالى:* Always wash your hands before eating. * Never go to bed late during exam days. ***************************************** (4) Passive Form:* تتكون صيغة المبنى للمجهول للجملة الخبرية فى زمن المضارع البسيط من الأتى: [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image006.jpg[/IMG]( Object + am / is / are + P. P. ) * Manar dusts the tables after lunch. ( Active ) * The tables are dusted after lunch. ( Passive ) * A plumber always fixes our pipes. ( Active ) * Our pipes are always fixed. ( Passive ) * The government sets up some new projects. ( Active ) * Some new projects are set up. ( Passive ) * ملحوظة هامة: عند تحويل السؤال فى زمن المضارع البسيط للمبنى للمجهول، نتبع الآتى: * Do you watch the match? * The match is watched. * Is the match watched? * Where does he change money? * Money is changed. * Where is money changed? ***************************************** (5) Question Tag:* لاحظ صيغة السؤال المذيل للمضارع البسيط كالتالى: * Sohaila is intelligent, isn't she? * Haneen isn't at home, is she? * Rahaf doesn't like frozen food, does she? * We don't attend noisy parties, do we? * Amr enjoys studying English, doesn't he? * They prefer cool weather, don't they? * I am cheerful, aren't I? * Lend me your laptop, will you? * Don't use this sharp knife, will you? * Let's visit the High Dam, shall we? [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image008.jpg[/IMG]Any inquiries call: 0113332411 Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit One (2) The Present Continuous Tense: [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image009.jpg[/IMG](1) Form: ( am / is / are + v. + ing ) * يتكون الفعل فى زمن المضارع المستمر من:* She is writing a letter now. * I am reading an interesting book at the moment. * The water is boiling. Can you turn it off? * Listen to those people. What language are they speaking? * ملاحظات هامة على تكوين الفعل: invite ……… inviting argue ……… arguing * We are completing some forms now. * The population is increasing at present. * ماعــدا (singe يحـرق / dye يصبغ ) ........... ( dyeing( singeing /* أما إذا انتهي الفعل بـ ee فلا تحذفfreeing :……..free * إذا انتهي الفعل بـie تحذف و نستخدم ( ( ying : tie ………. tying die ………. dying lie ………… lying hit …….. hitting run ……… running stop …………. stopping begin ………. beginning prefer ……… preferring admit ……… admitting travel ………. travelling * في حالة وجود زمنين في المضارع المستمر لهما نفس الفاعل و يربط بينهما ( and ) تحذف ( ( am / is / are* He is teaching English and learning French. (a) Negative Form: * I am not watching a movie now. * They aren't doing better at school. (b) Interrogative Form: (1) Yes/No Questions * Are you repairing your car at the moment? * Is Nour coming now? (2) Wh Questions: * Where are you going now? * When is Shahd meeting Lamar? (2) Usage:* يستخدم زمن المضارع المستمر للتعبير عن الآتى: * حدث مستمر أثناء الكلام: * Look! The car is running very fast.* حدث محدد له بداية ونهاية: * I'm seeing the dentist at 8 o'clock. * حدث تم التخطيط له فى المستقبل: * We're having monthly exams next week. * حدث مستمر بشكل مؤقت: * I'm living with some friends until I find a flat. Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit One ( Get / Change / Become / Increase / Rise / Grow / Improve ) * It is getting dark now. * The world population is increasing at a horrible rate. [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image011.jpg[/IMG]* Prices are increasing incredibly. * The state is improving education and its quality. * He is always bothering me with his missed calls. * She is always complaining about the high cost of living. ***************************************** (3) Key words: * الكلمات الدالة على زمن المضارع المستمر:( Look! / Listen! / Now / Still / At this moment / At the present time / Today / These days / At once / …etc. ) * Look! The boys are quarreling in the garden. * Listen! Someone is calling. * Yara is still revising for the test. 1- أفعال الحواس: ( Appear / Feel / Hear / Look / See / Seem / Sound / Taste / …etc.) 2- أفعال الفهم والإدراك: ( Believe / Forget / Know / Realise / Remember / Understand .. 3- أفعال المشاعر: ( Desire / Detest / Enjoy / Hate / Like / Love / Prefer / Want / etc.)4-أفعال الملكية والكينونة: ( Be / Belong / Contain / Cost / Fit / Have / Include / Keep / Matter / Need / Owe / Want / Weigh / Wish / … etc. ) ***************************************** [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image013.jpg[/IMG](4) Passive Form:* تتكون صيغة المبنى للمجهول للجملة الخبرية فى زمن المضارع المستمر من الأتى: ( Object + am / is / are + being + p.p. ) * Somebody is cleaning the room. ( Active ) * The room is being cleaned. ( Passive ) * She's cleaning the carpets now. ( Active ) * The carpets are being cleaned now. ( Passive ) * ملحوظة هامة: عند تحويل السؤال فى زمن المضارع المستمر للمبنى للمجهول، نتبع الآتى: [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image015.jpg[/IMG]* Is Salma dusting the curtains? * The curtains are being dusted. * Are the curtains being dusted? Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit One (3) The Past Simple Tense: (1) Form:* عند وضع الفعل فى صيغة الماضى نجد أن هناك نوعان من الأفعال: * Regular Verbs: * Irregular Verbs: * أفعال شاذة ( غير منتظمة ) * أفعال عادية ( منتظمة ) * لا تخضع لقاعدة معينة، لذا يحفظ التصريف كما هو. * عند تصريفها نضع للفعل ( ed )فى نهايته. * I walked to school this morning. * Menna went to the cinema last week. * They helped me with my homework. * He was at the meeting yesterday. * ملاحظات هامة: * Samar invited us to lunch yesterday. * Reham lived in Giza three years ago. * She dropped the vase on the floor yesterday. * We planned to go on holiday. * They played volleyball last weekend. * We stayed in Luxor a month ago. * Olivia tidied her room this morning. * Basant studied for the exam last night. (a) Negative Form: * Zahia didn't go out yesterday. * The children didn't wash their hands. * I wasn't at the party yesterday. * We weren't asleep at 10 last night. * I was never late for school in the past. * They never helped the needy. (b) Interrogative Form: * Yes/No Questions: * Did you do the shopping yesterday? - Yes, I did. – No, I didn't. * Were you at the meeting last Sunday? - Yes, I was. – No, I wasn't. * Was Alaa exhausted after the match? - Yes, she was. – No, she wasn't. * Wh- Questions: * Where did you go this afternoon? - I went to the club. * Why were you late for the seminar? - Because the traffic was slow. * How was Nahla yesterday? - She was ill in bed. (2) Usage: * We left the park at noon yesterday. * He had breakfast and went to school. Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit One * Once upon a time, there was a beautiful princess who had many suitors….. * When I was a child, I used to play table tennis every day. * I was always at the top of my class in math. ***************************************** (3) Key words: ( Yesterday / Last / Ago / This morning / Always / Never / Once... / Once upon a time… / One day… / In the past / Formerly / The other day / In olden times ) * ملحوظة هامة: نلاحظ وجود كلمتى ( always / never ) ضمن كلمات الماضى البسيط رغم أنها أساسا من كلمات المضارع البسيط، لذا فهى تعبر عن أحداث كانت منتظمة لبعض الوقت فى الماضى أو أحداث لم تتم أبدا فى الماضى ...* I always sat in front of the sea during summer nights. * She never told her friends anything about her personal life. ***************************************** (4) Passive Form:* تتكون صيغة المبنى للمجهول فى زمن الماضى البسيط من الأتى: [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image019.jpg[/IMG]( Object + was / were + P. P. ) * The state set up some new factories last year. (Active) * Some new factories were set up last year. (Passive) * The manager held a meeting last Thursday. (Active) * A meeting was held last Thursday. (Passive) * Dalia received the guests this afternoon. (Active) * The guests were received this afternoon. (Passive) * ملحوظة هامة: عند تحويل السؤال فى زمن الماضى البسيط للمبنى للمجهول، نتبع الآتى: * Did the mechanic dismantle the engine yesterday? * The engine was dismantled yesterday. * Was the engine dismantled yesterday? [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image021.jpg[/IMG]***************************************** (5) Question Tag::* لاحظ صيغة السؤال المذيل للماضى البسيط كالتالى * Lara was enthusiastic for the competition, wasn't she? * Mohammed wasn't absent yesterday, was he? * He got the top marks last term, didn't he? * They didn't attend the conference, did they? Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit One (4) The Past Continuous Tense: (1) Form: ( was / were + verb + ing ) * I was studying at six yesterday. * She was sleeping at twelve last night. * We were having fun last week. * They were listening to music in the afternoon. (a) Negative Form: * He wasn't reading a novel yesterday. * We weren't walking in the afternoon. (b) Interrogative Form:* هناك نوعان من الأسئلة: * أسئلة تبدأ بفعل مساعد. * أسئلة تبدأ بكلمة إستفهام. (1) Yes/No Questions: * Were you going home at noon yesterday? - Yes, I was. – No, I wasn't. * Were they playing football in the garden? - Yes, they were. – No, they weren't. * Was dad reading the paper this afternoon? - Yes, he was. – No, he wasn't. (2) Wh- Questions: * What were you doing at three yesterday? - I was reading a novel. * Where was Mai going this morning? - She was going to the market. ***************************************** (2) Usage:* يستخدم زمن الماضى المستمر للتعبير عن حدث كان مستمر حدوثه فى وقت من الماضى.... * We were watching TV after lunch yesterday. ***************************************** (3) Key words: ( Yesterday / Last / Ago / This morning / While …. ) ********************************* ( While / As / Just as / During / When ) While / As / Just as مـاضـــــــى مســـتــمــر , مــاضـــــى بســــيــط * تستخدم هذه الكلمات بمعنى ( بـيـنــما ) ، معناها أن هناك حدثان ماضيان، أحدهما كان مستمر أثناء وقوع حدث ماضى أخر.... * While I was studying, the doorbell rang. * As They were climbing the ladder, it broke. * Just as she was cutting fruit, she cut her hand. * ملحوظة هامة: إذا اتى بعد ( While / As / Just as ) ماضى مستمر ثم ماضى مستمر أخر، فهذا معناه أن الحدثين كانا مستمران معا فى وقت واحد فى الماضى....* While we were chatting on the net, my mum was preparing lunch. * He met his uncle while he was walking to school. * She saw the accident just as she was having a look at the street. Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit One * He lost his mobile phone as he was running home. * Father was cleaning the car while I was pumping up the tyres. * While running to catch the train, I lost my wallet. During ( noun ) , مــاضـــــى بســــــيــط * During nursery school, she used to talk much in class. During ( Gerund ) , مــاضـــــى بســــــيــط * During filming, the main actor had an accident. * لاحظ التحويل من ( While ) إلى ( During ) والعكس....* During the party, we introduced many friends. * While we were having a party, we introduced many friends. When مــاضــى بســـــيـط , مــاضـــى مســتـمـر * When I saw Amira, she was talking with a friend. * When the phone rang, I was revising for the test. * لاحظ مكان الرابط فى منتصف الجملة... * Hend was writing a report when the boss arrived. * They were playing tennis when it started to rain. When مـــاضـــى بســــــيــط , مـــاضـــى بســــــيــط * When I was a child, I used to play with matches. * When she arrived, she found that the thieves broke into her house. * لاحظ استخدام حرف الجر( on ) ليحل محل ( when ) عند حذف الفاعل ويتبعها ( Gerund )كما فى المثال التالى:* When he got up, he found that she escaped. * On getting up, he found that she escaped. Fun with Beyond in English! [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image023.jpg[/IMG] Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit One (5) The Present Perfect Tense: (1) Form: ( Have / Has + p.p. ) * The teacher has just entered the class. * They haven't eaten lunch yet. * Reem has already furnished her flat. * She's stayed in Alex since 2004. (a) Negative Form: * They haven't played the game yet. * We have never slept early since last week. [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image024.jpg[/IMG](b) Interrogative Form: *هناك نوعان من الأسئلة: * أسئلة تبدأ بفعل مساعد. * أسئلة تبدأ بكلمة إستفهام. (1) Yes/No Questions: * Have you tidied your room yet? - Yes, I have. – No, I haven't. * Has Amany ever been to Tanta? - Yes, she has. – No, she hasn't. (2) Wh-Questions: * Where has Samy been on holiday? - He has been to Port Said. * What have you done? - I've fed the chickens. ********************************* (2) Usage: * يستخدم المضارع التام للتعبير عن حدث وقع منذ فترة قصيرة جدا ومازال له أثره على الوقت الحاضر. * أى يعتبر المضارع التام حلقة الوصل بين الماضى البسيط والمضارع البسيط. * حدث غير محدد ولم يكتمل. ********************************* (3) Key words: ( Since / For / Ever / Never / Already / Yet / Just / Recently / Lately / So far ) (1) Since: معناها ( منذ ) تأتى بعدها سنة ماضية / أو حدث ماضى / أو ساعة زمنية. * Rana has lived here since 1981. * Noha hasn’t seen Samar since she was ten. * They have played tennis since 2 o'clock. * أما إذا جاء فعلان فقبلها مضارع تام وبعدها ماضى بسيط كالتالى: [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image026.jpg[/IMG]* She has been in bed since she arrived from Cairo. * I haven't written to him since he traveled abroad. (2) For: معناها ( لمدة ) ويأتى بعدها فترة زمنية ( ساعات / أيام / شهور / سنين... ) * Amira has stayed in the country for three weeks. * Aya has listened to music for two hours. (3) Ever: وتأتى فى السؤال وتسأل عن خبرات الشخص السابقة. معناها ( سبق لك ) * Have you ever been to London? * Has Nourhan ever seen an actor? (4) Never: معناها ( أبدا ) لذلك تعبر عن النفى. * Nada has never visited the Egyptian Museum. * Israa has never been abroad. Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit One (5) Already: معناها ( بالفعل ) وتأتى فى الجمل المثبتة. * I have already polished my shoes. * They have already been to Qena. (6) Yet = So far: .معناها ( حتى الأن ) ، وتأتى مع السؤال والجملة المنفية * Have you had your breakfast yet? * Aisha hasn't phoned me yet. (7) Just: معناها ( توا / منذ فترة قصيرة مضت ) وتأتى مع الجمل المثبتة. * My father has just phoned me. * Basma has just ironed the shirts. (8) Recently: معناها ( مؤخرا ) وتأتى مع الجمل المثبتة. * I have met Mr. Amr recently. * Fatma has sent a letter recently. (9) Lately: معناها ( مؤخرا ) وتأتى مع الجمل المنفية. * I haven't seen Hager lately. * Salma hasn't traveled lately. * ملاحظات عامة على زمن المضارع التام: ☺ لاحظ هذه التحويلات: * Ali hasn't visited his uncle for a month. * It's a month since Ali last visited his uncle. * I last saw Noha when we were on holiday. * I haven't seen Noha since we were on holiday. * I haven't studied English since last week. * I haven't studied English for the last week. * We last visited Matrouh in 2002. * The last time we visited Matrouh was in 2002. * We haven't visited Matrouh since 2002. * The workers have just arrived. * The workers arrived a moment ago. [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image028.jpg[/IMG] * It is still raining. * It hasn't stopped raining yet. Mr. Amr * Sandy has never been to Suez. * It is the first time Sandy has ever been to Suez. * Awab has been living in Kafr el-Sheikh since 1981. * Awab has been living in Kafr el-Sheikh for 28 years. Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit Two Linking words ( Conjunctions ) * هناك العديد من الروابط منقسمة حسب نوعها كالتالى: (1) Addition links:* هناك العديد من كلمات ربط الإضافة، تختلف بإختلاف موقعها فى الجملة وما يأتى بعدها كالتالى: ( And / As well as / Besides / Also / Too / Either / As well / In addition / In addition to / Furthermore / Moreover / Not only .. but also / Both .. and … / Neither .. nor / Either .. or .. etc. ) (a) And: * Rewan went to the market and bought some food. (b) In addition / Furthermore / Moreover / Besides:يأتى بعدهم جمــلة كاملــــة * Mayar studies English. In addition, she studied French. * We are donating money. Furthermore, we are providing medical supplies. * This shirt is very expensive. Moreover, its fabric isn't fine. [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image029.jpg[/IMG]* I thought the book was useful. Besides, it was very cheap. (c) In addition to / As well as / Besides: ) Gerund يأتى بعدهم ( إســم أو * In addition to squash, Merna plays volleyball well. * In addition to cooking lunch, Zahia tidied the room. * Ramy is excellent at history in addition to geography. * Zahraa asks about her friends in addition to meeting them in person. * Besides insulting his friends, he fought them. * Besides breakfast, the hotel offers other meals freely. * He is keen on attending symposiums besides conferences. * Sara endures staying out in the sun besides facing dangers. * حاول أن لا تخلط بين ( Beside ) التى معناها ( بجانب ) وكلمة الربط ( Besides ) التى معناها ( بالإضافة إلى )..* As well as working as a politician, Swift was a churchman. * Yara is cheerful as well as being polite. * He has worked in Japan as well as Italy. * ملاحظات على As well as:* عند حذف فاعل الجملة بعد ( as well as ) نضع للفعل ( ing ) كالتالى: * He hurt his leg as well as breaking his arm. * I have to clean the floors as well as polish the furniture. * Samar, as well as her friends, was delighted on hearing the news. * Israa was delighted to hear the news as well as Shaimaa. * He is co-operative as well as me. Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit Two (d) Not only .. but also/ but .. as well: معناها ( ليس فقط .. ولكن أيضا .. ) [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image031.jpg[/IMG]* تستخدم فى حالة ربط جملتين ذات فاعل واحد وفعلين مختلفين كالتالى: * I not only gave him money but I also found him a job. * I didn't only prepare for the party but I also wrote the invitation cards. * Hend not only wrote a letter but she also posted it. * Marwa doesn't only come to school early but she also salutes the flag. * He not only scored a goal, but he won the first prize as well. * تستخدم أيضا فى حالة ربط جملتين ذات فاعل واحد وصفتين مختلفتين كالتالى: * Viola is not only obedient but she is also clever. * Menna is not only a hard-working secretary but she is also a successful housewife. * تستخدم أيضا فى حالة ربط جملتين ذات فاعل واحد ومفعولين مختلفين كالتالى: * Miss Walaa teaches not only English but Spanish as well. * إذا بدأت الجملة بـ ( Not only ) فتكملة الجملة تنهج منهج ترتيب السؤال من حيث الفعل المساعد والفاعل كالتالى:* Not only does Shadwa participate in competitions but she also wins world awards. * Not only did Basant go to the cinema but she also visited her grandmother. (e) Both .. and .. : معناها ( كلا من ... و .. ) * I like both him and his brother. * They were both hungry and thirsty. * Both Abdulla and Mohammed are well-built. * لاحظ أيضا هذه الأمثلة: * Both of them were happy at the party. * We both played the violin. * Do you want a lift? I can take both of you. * Both of my sisters live in London. [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image033.jpg[/IMG]* Both the women were French. * I liked them both. (f) Either .. or .. : معناها ( سواء .. أو .. ) * You can either attend the meeting or apologize. * You can repay the debt either tomorrow or next week. * The clothes in this shop are either Turkish or Thai. * My father may be either in Suez or in Hurghada. * لاحظ أيضا هذه الأمثلة: * Either of us are willing to help. * Ali doesn't like maths. I don't like it, either. (g) Neither .. nor .. : معناها ( لا .. ولا .. ) * تستخدم فى ربط جملتين ذات فاعل واحد وفعلين مختلفين كالتالى: * Hany neither came nor phoned. * Hala is neither greedy nor proud. * She can speak neither English nor French. * تستخدم فى ربط جملتين ذات فاعلين مختلفين وفعل واحد كالتالى: * Neither they nor Maha was in the lab. * Neither Ali nor his friends are careful. * نلاحظ فى المثال السابق أن فعل الجملة يتبع الفاعل الثانى. Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit Two * لاحظ أيضا هذه الأمثلة: * Neither of the days is/are suitable. * It’s neither possible nor likely that they will succeed. (h) Too / Also / Either / As well: ( جميعهم بمعنى ( أيضا * He also enjoys reading short stories. * He has also been to Australia. * He is also intelligent. * All the people were asleep also. * She felt sorry for him. Also, she wept desperately. * Aya likes hockey. I like hockey, too. * Her personal life, too, seems happier. [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image034.jpg[/IMG]* He, too, was coming to a decision. * I hate standing in the sun. Soha hates it, either. * She couldn't remember my name. I couldn't remember it, either. * I just ignored it. I think everybody else did as well. * I really love this song, and I like the first one as well. ************************************* (2) Cause links: * هناك العديد من كلمات ربط السبب، تختلف بإختلاف موقعها فى الجملة وما يأتى بعدها كالتالى: [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image036.jpg[/IMG]( Because / As / Since / Because of / Through / Due to / Owing to / On account of / Being / That's why / .. etc. ) (a) As / Since / Because: معناها ( لأن ) وتأتى بعدها جملة كاملة * As he was careless, he failed the final exam. * He had a bad accident as he was driving at a breakneck speed. * Beautiful as she was, she got married to a rich man. * Since he got up late, he missed the early morning train. * Haidy will book two tickets since her father will accompany her. * Because I like English best, I can't miss buying a new dictionary. * I always go to the gym because I want to keep fit. (b) Because of / Due to / Owing to / On account of / Through / For: * معناها ( بسبب ) ويأتى بعدها إسم أو ( Gerund ) كالتالى:[IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image037.jpg[/IMG]* Because of his illness, he didn't attend the symposium. * Her colleagues are jealous of her because of her stunning beauty. * He couldn't get into his flat because of losing his keys. * Due to his bravery, he was crowned as a king. * The match was put off due to the bad weather conditions. * Owing to loss of appetite, he became very thin. * He was killed owing to his tyranny. * On account of bad road conditions, there are many deaths every week. * She reacted angrily on account of her malice. Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit Two * Through bad organization, errors were made. [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image039.jpg[/IMG]* He obtained this position through flattery and hypocrisy. * He got an increment for his great efforts. (c) Being: ويأتى بعدها صفةمعناها ( بسبب ) * Being poor, he couldn't marry his princess charming. * Being greedy, all her neighbours avoid her. (d) That's why: معناها ( لهذا السبب ) * He fell ill. That's why he didn't manage to come to the party. * We arrived late. That's why we didn't want to make noise. ************************************* (3) Contrast links:* هناك العديد من كلمات ربط التناقض، تختلف بإختلاف موقعها فى الجملة وما يأتى بعدها كالتالى: ( Although / Though / Even though / Even if / In spite of / Despite / Regardless of / However / But / Whatever / Whether … or not / Yet / Nevertheless / Even so ) (a) Although / Even though / Even if / Even so: معناها ( على الرغم من ) ويأتى بعدها جملـــة كاملــــة [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image040.jpg[/IMG]* Although he was ill, he took part in the race. * He loved her although she was ugly. * I would inform the police even though he paid the money. * Even though I had nowhere to go, I moved out of the flat. * She knew all her friends would be there. She didn't want to go, though. * He didn't talk to me though he passed quite near to where I was standing. * I won't talk to him again even if we are reconciled. * Even if you paid me a thousand pounds, I wouldn't do it. * There are a lot of spelling mistakes; even so it's a good essay. (b) In spite of / Despite / Regardless of: ( Gerund ) معناها ( على الرغم من ) ويأتى بعدها إســم أو [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image042.jpg[/IMG]* In spite of working hard, he didn't get high marks. * In spite of her beauty, no suitors propose to her. * He keeps on complaining in spite of being rich. * She likes to live beyond her means in spite of her poverty. * Despite being expensive, I will buy it. * Despite his bravery in the battle, he was badly injured. * The rumours were believed despite his good reputation. * The law was passed despite the public opposition. * Regardless of her laziness, she has a fiery imagination. * I will help him regardless of the sequences. * She arrives at school late despite the fact that her father drives her. Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit Two (c) But / However / Yet / Nevertheless / Whatever: معناها ( على الرغم من ) * This skirt is fashionable, but it is expensive. [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image044.jpg[/IMG]* Rana eats a lot, however she never gets fat. * Aya leaves home early. However, she comes late. * However beautiful she is, no one admired her. * It was a rainy day. Nevertheless, a lot of people came. * She knew it wasn't her fault. She feels guilty, nevertheless. * He has never practiced sport. Yet, he is very fit. * Whatever beauty she has, no one admired her. * Whatever her beauty is, no one admired her. (d) Whether .. or not: معناها ( سواء .. أم لا ) * I will go whether you come with me or not. * I don't know whether to accept the offer or not. ************************************* (4) Result links:* هناك العديد من كلمات ربط النتيجة، تختلف بإختلاف موقعها فى الجملة وما يأتى بعدها كالتالى: ( So / Therefore / Consequently / Thus / Accordingly / As a result / Hence ) * I missed the train, so I was late for the interview. * He got high marks. Therefore, he can join any university he wishes. * She didn't work hard enough, and consequently failed the tests. * I was driving slowly. Thus, I was surprised when I got a contravention. * We admit the fault was ours and, accordingly, we say sorry. * He was insulted. As a result, he filed a report at the police station. * Microwaves got cheaper and hence more people can afford them. ************************************* (5) Conditional links: * هناك العديد من روابط الشرط، تختلف بإختلاف موقعها فى الجملة وما يأتى بعدها: ( If / Unless / In case of / As long as / Provided that / Providing that / In the event of/that / Without / But for / On condition that / .. etc. ) (a) If / Unless / Without / But for: * If you study hard, you will succeed. * If you put salt in water, it dissolves. * If he doesn't follow the rules, he will be fined. * Unless he follows the rules, he will be fined. * If he got up early, he would catch the train. * If I were you, I would do my best. * If it weren't for the High Dam, we would suffer from floods. * Without/But for the High Dam, we would suffer from floods. * If he had been careful, he wouldn't have hurt himself. Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit Two (b) In case of / As long as / Provided that / Providing that / In the event of/that / On condition that: * Tourists will come to Egypt provided that we protect our environment. * In case of studying well, you will get top marks. * In the event of fire, leave the building as quickly as possible. * People will help you in the event that you help them. * As long as no problems arise we should get the job finished by Friday. * You will be a good student as long as you obey your teachers' instructions. * I will lend you the sum provided that you repay it soon. * She agreed to travel abroad providing that her family go with her. * I will let you pass on condition that you give me half the money. ************************************* [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image045.jpg[/IMG]( While / As / Just as / When / During ) (a) While / As / Just as: معناها ( بينما ) ويأتى بعدها ماضى مستمر * While I was walking home, I met my cousin. * As she was listening to music, the IPod broke down. * Just as we were preparing for lunch, our uncle came. * While playing in the street, it rained. * While she was cooking, her toddler was playing in the garden. (b) When: (معناها ( عندما * When I go home, I phone you. [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image047.jpg[/IMG]* When I go home, I will phone you. * When I met Ali, he was waiting for the bus. * When I had finished my work, I went home. * When I finished my work, I went home. * When I went home, I had finished my work. (c) During: أو إســـم ( Gerund ) معناها ( أثناء ) ويأتى بعدها * During my sleep, I had a horrible nightmare. * During her trip, she met many important figures. Beyond in English! Wishes you the best of luck! Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit Three The Past Perfect Tense [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image048.jpg[/IMG](1) Form: كالتالى:( had + p.p. )* يتكون زمن الماضى التام من * When I woke up, my father had left. * He had studied French before he moved to France. * Before Fady took the medicine, he had had a meal. (a) Negative Form: * يتم نفى الفعل فى زمن الماضى التام بإضافة ( not ) بعد ( had ) كما فى الأمثلة التالية:* Ahmed hadn't repaired his car. * Amr had not written the paragraphs. (b) Interrogative Form: * هناك نوعان من الإستفهام: * أسئلة تبدأ بفعل مساعد. * أسئلة تبدأ بكلمة إستفهام. [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image049.jpg[/IMG](1) Yes/No Questions: * Had Nouran invited Mai? - Yes, she had. – No, she hadn't. * Had you tidied your room? - Yes, I had. – No, I hadn't. (2) Wh Questions: * What had you done before shopping? - I had had my lunch. * Where had Maram left her car? - At a corner. (2) Usage: [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image050.jpg[/IMG]* يعبر زمن الماضى التام عن حدث كان قد تم قبل حدث ماضى أخر، فيبقى الحدث الأول ( الأقدم ) فى صيغة الماضى التام، والحدث الأخير ( الأحدث ) فى زمن الماضى البسيط... * After the police had arrested the thief, he was sent to prison. * Mona had brushed her teeth before she went to bed. * By the time I watched TV, I had done my homework. * As soon as she had graduated, she got married. * When I got home, I found that my wife had ironed the shirts. (3) Key words: ( After / Before / By the time / When / As soon as / By … o'clock / until ) [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image051.gif[/IMG] After [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image053.jpg[/IMG] When مــاضــــى تــــــام , مــاضــــى بســــــيـط As soon as * After I had written the report, I discussed it with Mai. * When we arrived at the cinema, the film started. * As soon as I had seen the accident, I phoned for an ambulance. Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit Three [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image054.gif[/IMG][IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image055.gif[/IMG]after مــاضـــى بســــــيـط when مــاضــــى تــــــام [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image057.jpg[/IMG]as soon as * I discussed the report with Mai after I had written it. * The film started when we arrived at the cinema. * I phoned for an ambulance as soon as I had seen the accident. [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image058.gif[/IMG] Before مــاضـــى بســـــيـط , مــاضــى تــــــام By the time * Before they got married, they had set up their home. * By the time the police arrived, the thief had escaped. [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image059.gif[/IMG][IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image060.gif[/IMG] مــاضـــى تـــــــام before مــاضـــى بســـــيــط by the time * They had set up their home before they got married. * The thief had escaped by the time the police arrived. ماضى بســـــيط منفى until / till ماضى تــــام * She didn't put the light out until she had read the story. * She didn't get married until she had got her degree. ******************************************* بعـض الروابــط الأخــرى ( No sooner / Hardly / Scarcely ………. than / when ……. ) * معناها: لـم يــكـد .... حـتــى .... ، وهى تفيد السرعة ، لاحظ ترتيب الجملة كما فى الأمثلة: * Rana had no sooner come home than she slept. * Dina had hardly graduated when she got a job. * Samer had scarcely logged onto the net when it went out. * إذا جاءت هذه الروابط فى أول الجملة نقدم ( had ) على الفاعل كنفس ترتيب السؤال ، كما فى الأمثلة:[IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image062.jpg[/IMG]* No sooner had Rana come home than she slept. * Hardly had Dina graduated when she got a job. * Scarcely had Samer logged onto the net when it went out. Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit Three ملاحظـــات هامـــــــــة * When Ali visited us, we had had our dinner. * When Ali had visited us, we had our dinner. * إذا لم يأتى بعد كلمتى ( After / Before ) فاعل للجملة ، يأتى بعدها ( Gerund ) أى الفعل مزود بــ ( ing ) ، وتبقى الجملتان متساويتان فى المعنى... * After finishing secondary school, she joined the university. * After she had finished secondary school, she joined the university. * As soon as the pupils had written the lesson, he erased the board. * He erased the board as soon as the pupils had written the lesson. * When Hala found the money, she was shopping. * When Hala had found the money, she shopped. * من الممكن حذف كلمة الربط ووضع كلمة ( Having ) بدلا من الرابط فى بداية الجملة ويؤدى نفس المعنى. * After I had phoned Alyaa, I waited for her. * Having phoned Alyaa, I waited for her. * لاحظ التركيبات الآتية: * It was only when ماضى تـــــام , ماضى بســـــــيط * It was only when I had had my breakfast that I went to school. * It was only when Israa had met me that I knew the news. * It wasn't until ماضى تــــــام , ماضى بســــــيط * It wasn't until Nancy had graduated that she got engaged. * It wasn’t until I had had my diploma that I got the accreditation in translation. * Subject + only + ماضى بســـــــيط when + ماضى تـــــــام * Sally only bought the laptop when she had saved 5000 pounds. Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit Three * I only got high marks when I had studied from the beginning of the year. * By + تاريخ ماضى + Subject + ماضى تــــــام * By 2002, I had finished my academic studies. * By October, Lamar had come back from Spain. * It wasn't + تاريخ ماضى until + Subject + ماضى تـــــام * It wasn't October until Lamar had come back from Spain. * It wasn't 2002 until I had finished my academic studies. * Immediately on / Shortly after + gerund / Noun. * Immediately on his arrival, the phone rang. * Shortly after leaving for school, his friend called him. ********************************* Beyond in English! تعطيك روشتة النجاح والتفوق! [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image064.gif[/IMG] Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit Four (1) The Future Simple: (1) Form: ( will / shall + infinitive ) * He will arrive next month. * Perhaps we will become rich one day. * May be people will live in space in the future. * She'll buy a car if she has money. * هناك نوعان من الأسئلة: * أسئلة تبدأ بفعل مساعد. * أسئلة تبدأ بكلمة إستفهام.* Interrogative Form: * Yes/No Questions: * Will you visit Sinai next summer? - Yes, I will. – No, I won't. - I'm not sure. * Will Aya get top marks at university? - Yes, she will. – No, she won't. – Perhaps. * Wh-Questions: * What will life be like in the future? - I think people will live on other planets. * Why won't Salma study abroad one day? - Because she is not keen on estrangement. (2) Usage: * حدث سوف يتم بعد فترة بعيدة فى المستقبل. do postgraduate studies in the future.* She will * حدث يتم التنبؤ به فى المستقبل. * I think he will win the first prize. * حدث غير مؤكد الحدوث وغير مخطط أو مرتب له فى المستقبل * We will buy anything for Nada's birthday. * إتخاذ قرارات سريعة. * It is hot. I'm going to turn on the air conditioner. * عرض المساعدة أو تقديم خدمة للآخرين. * Will I help you do these sums? * طلب المساعدة من الآخرين. * Will you help me cross the road, please? * عمل تهديدات. * If you meet those bad guys, I will deprive you of your pocket money * حقيقة مستقبلية. * My father will be 70 next December. * إعطاء وعود مستقلية. * I promise I will make you happy. (3) Key words: ( Tomorrow / Next / In the future / Perhaps / May be / Think / Hope / Soon / I'm not sure / Predict / Promise / Who knows!……. ) * I hope you will get better soon. * Scientists predict that life in the future will be more comfortable. * I promised Israa to bring back the money as soon as possible. * May be Jessica will get her prince charming one day. Who knows! * I don't think Mariam will achieve good results. Well anyway, God knows best. Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit Four (2) The Near Future with ( going to ): (1) Form: ( am / is / are + going to + infinitive ) * Look at the sky! It is going to rain. * I'm going to fly to London next week. * We're going to play squash on Monday. * She is going to be a doctor. * Interrogative Form: * هناك نوعان من الأسئلة: * أسئلة تبدأ بفعل مساعد. * أسئلة تبدأ بكلمة إستفهام. (1) Yes/No Questions: * Are you going to pump up the tyres this afternoon? - Yes, I'm. – No, I'm not. [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image066.jpg[/IMG]* Is Taghreed going to be an engineer after university? - Yes, she is. – No, she isn't. (2) Wh-Questions: * When are you going to take the monthly tests? - Next Wednesday. * Where is Nour going to spend the feast? - In the country. (2) Usage: * He is driving carelessly. He is going to crash into a tree. * The sky is cloudy. The sun is not going to shine today. * My sister is going to get married next month. * We are going to move to a new flat next summer. * There are some clouds in the sky. It is going to rain. (3) Key words: ( Tomorrow / Next / This afternoon / This evening / Tonight / …. ) [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image067.jpg[/IMG]* We are going to watch the new film at the cinema tonight. * She is going to see her friend off at the airport tomorrow evening. * Islam is going to be a surgeon after his graduation. * They are going to buy presents for their mother's birthday. * You are going to be late if you take the bus. * I'm traveling next week. * The school inspector is coming on Thursday. * What are you doing tomorrow morning? * She's visiting her aunt tomorrow. * We are about to have dinner. * I'm about to leave for London. Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit Five Definite and Indefinite articles: (1) Indefinite Articles: * ملحوظة: الحروف الساكنة هى حروف اللغة الإنجليزية محذوف منهم الحروف المتحركة. الحروف المتحركة هى: ( a, e, i, o, u ) . * A book – A girl – A chair – A bear - A lawyer - ... etc. * An egg – An ice cream – An accountant – An umbrella - … etc. (2) The Definite Article: * الحالات التى تستخدم فيها (The): 1- مع الأسماء التى يوجد منها شىء واحد وفريد فى الكون. * The sun, The moon, The world, The North Pole, The Earth, The equator, .. etc. * I bought a shirt. The shirt was expensive. * The Sudan, The Yemen, The USA, The United Kingdom, … etc. * The Nile, The Red Sea, The Pacific Ocean, The Mediterranean Sea, … etc. * The Alps, The Himalayas, The Middle East, The Cape of Good Hope, … etc. * Ali is the tallest pupil in class. * The telephone, The computer, The internet, The Television, … etc. * The giraffe, The kangaroo, The spiders, The killer whale, … etc. * The cinema, The club, The theatre, The office, … etc. * The guitar, The violin, The Piano, The drum, The Lute, … etc. * The rich, The poor, The blind, The deaf, The disabled, The handicapped, … etc. Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit Five * I like fish. I like the fish on that plate. * The Quran, The Bible, The gospel, The New Testament, The Old Testament, … * The morning, The afternoon, The evening, … etc. * The Greens, The Montagues, The Capulets, The Smiths, .. etc. * The Times, The Tribune, The Egyptian Gazette, The Guardian, .. etc. * الحالات التى لا تستخدم فيها (The): 1- أسماء العلم. * Israa, George, Jessica, Ibrahim, … etc. * Beauty, Love, Happiness, Fear, Magnanimity, Courage, Cowardice, Jealousy, … * The beauty of nature, The love of Egypt, The jealousy of women, … etc. * Maths, Science, Biology, Anthropology, Botany, Geology, History, … etc. * Arabic, English, French, Chinese, Japanese, Hebrew, Mandarin, ..etc. * Reading, Swimming, Smoking, Hiking, Shopping, Football, Basketball, … etc. * Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner, Supper, … etc. * Iron, Glass, Wood, Copper, Silver, Tin, Gold, Paper, Leather, Cotton, Wool, … * School, Hospital, Mosque, Church, Prison, Library, … etc. 9- حرف الجر ( in front of ) معناه: أمام. أما إذا إقترن بــ (The) فيصبح معناه: فى مقدمة كذا. 10- قبل هذه الكلمات ( Home, Bed, Work, Town ) إذا جاءت بدون صفات. * He went home. * She was at home. * She went to the bride's home. * He isn't back from work yet. Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit Six Comparison * Comparatives: المقارنة بين إثنين أولا: صفات قصيرة المقطع:* Tall / Short / Young / Thin / Fat / Clever / Easy / Heavy / Happy, …etc. * Dina is taller than Donia. * The mouse is smaller than the elephant. * The cat is nicer than the dog. * The city is larger than the town. * This table is bigger than that chair. * Soha is thinner than Elham. * The city is noisier than the country. * The film is funnier than the play. * Beautiful / Important / Expensive / Intelligent / Dangerous / Exciting, Modern / Useful / Incredible / Helpful / Enjoyable,…etc. * Ghada is more beautiful than Shaymaa. * The shirts are more expensive than the shorts. Comparative Adjective Comparative Adjective Less Little Better Good / well Farther / Further Far Worse Bad / Badly More Many/Much/A lot of * Heba is better than me at painting. * The village is farther than the town. * Shady has got less juice than Islam. * Sondos bought more books than Aisha. * Alexandria is less far than Cairo. * This film is less bad than that film. * تستخدم ( Farther ) بمعنى ( أبعد ) للمسافات: * He had to go farther to find a suitable shop to buy from. * I don't like to see him any further. * I need further information. Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit Six * Superlatives: المقارنة بين أكثر من إثنين أولا: صفات قصيرة المقطع:* عند المقارنة بين أكثر من إثنين ، نضيف الصفة بعد كلمة ( The + adj. + est ) ... * Amany is the tallest girl in class. * The whale is the longest animal. * Mary is the fattest girl in the family. * Today is the hottest day in summer. * New York is the busiest sea port. * This is the funniest book in the library. * عند المقارنة بين أكثر من إثنين وتكون الصفة طويلة المقطع ، نضعها كما هى بلا تعديل بعد كلمتى ( The most + adj. ) .. * This is the most expensive car I have ever seen. * Tarek is the most helpful boy in our group. Comparative Adjective Comparative Adjective The least Little The best Good / well The Farthest / Furthest Far The worst Bad / Badly The most Many/Much/A lot of * Mr. Alaa is the best teacher at school. * This is the most modern machine. * Lamiaa ate the most rice for lunch. * Mohammed has the most incredible robot. ****************************************** * Equal Adjectives: الصفات فى المقارنات المتساوية * عند تساوى شيئين فى صفة ، نضع الصفة كما هى بلا تغيير بين كلمتى ( as + adj. + as) ...* Nada is as quiet as Ola. * My car is as good as your car. * She is as useful as him. [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image068.jpg[/IMG]* عند نفى تساوى الصفات نستخدم: ( not as + adj. + as ) or ( not so + adj. + as ) ... Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit Seven Relative Clauses * أنواع ضمائر الوصل: ( who / which / that / whose / where / when ) 1- Who / That: بمعنى الذى / التى / الذين / اللاتى ( تحل محل الفاعل أو المفعول العاقل ) * Ayman who/that lives next door to me is a mechanic. [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image070.jpg[/IMG]* Those are the people who/that he met there. * The leader was taking care of the pilots who/that were young. 2- Which / That: بمعنى الذى / التى / الذين / اللاتى ( تحل محل الفاعل أو المفعول غير العاقل ) * He was wearing a hat which/that was very big. * The plane disappeared near Bermuda which/that is an island. * He understood the poem which/that was difficult. 3- Whom: بمعنى الذى / التى ( تحل محل المفعول العاقل أو ضميره ) * The men with whom I lived in London were cheerful. * لاحظ أنه يمكن حذفها دون تأثر المعنى: * The men lived with in London were cheerful. * The person who I talked to was the manager. * The person whom I talked to was the manager. 4- Whose: تستخدم للتعبير عن الملكية بدلا من ، وبدلا من صفات الملكية ويتبعها اسم الشىء المملوك. [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image071.jpg[/IMG]* The policeman helped the man whose wallet was stolen. * The controller spoke to the leader whose compass had stopped. * I visited Aya whose house is near school. 5- Where: بمعنى حيث للتعبير عن المكــان * This is the restaurant where we had lunch last week. * This is the room where I used to sleep. * Sandy visited Paris where she met some businessmen. * لاحظ إستخدام ( in which ) للتعبير عن ( where ) كالتالى:[IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image072.jpg[/IMG]* I went to the town in which I was educated. 6- When: بمعنى عندما للتعبير عن الزمــان * August is a hot month when we go to Matrouh. * October is a special month when we celebrate our victory. * We visit him on Saturday when he is at home. * لاحظ إستخدام ( in which ) للتعبير عن ( when ) كالتالى:Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit Seven * August is a hot month in which we go to Matrouh. * ملاحظـــات هامـــــة: * I watched what Ronaldo scored. * I watched the goal which Ronaldo scored. * This is the man to whom I will sell the villa. * This is the man who will buy the villa. * هذه الحالة يأتى فيها ( Who / Whom ) على السواء. * This is the man who/whom I helped. * من الممكن حذف ( Who / Which ) يحذف ( V. to be ) أيضا كالتالى: * The food which was left has turned bad. * The food left has turned bad. * The man who arranged for the meeting is a tour guide. * The ship, which was carrying 400 passengers, sank in the sea. * Students who are brilliant must be rewarded. * Brilliant students must be rewarded. [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image073.gif[/IMG] [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image075.jpg[/IMG] Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit Eight ( Used to + inf. ) * Affirmative Form: * I used to take part in school competitions. * She used to buy the family needs. * We used to live in the countryside. * People used to use dial phones. * Negative Form:* ممكن الممكن نفيها بطريقتين كالتالى: [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image077.jpg[/IMG]* I didn't use to have a mobile phone during school days. * Menna never used to drink fizzy water. * Interrogative Form: * Did you use to play chess at school? - No, I didn't. * Where did they use to go in summer? - They used to go to Hurghada. * He was in the habit of leaving the windows open during his sleep. * She was accustomed to visit her friends on feast days. ( Be used to + Gerund ) * Affirmative Form: * He is used living alone. * She is used to staying up late in summer. * We are used to sleeping in noise. * They are used to drinking black coffee. * Negative Form: * Ahmed isn't used to lending his books to his friends. * We aren't used to traveling by rain. * Interrogative Form: * Are you used to studying with your sister? - Yes, I am. – No, I am not. * What is Donia used to doing? - She is used to bothering her neighbours. ( Be used to + inf. ) * A knife is used to cut things. * A computer is used to store information. ( Be used for + Gerund ) * A Keyboard is used for typing letters. * A modem is used for sending e-mails from one computer to another. Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit Nine The Present Perfect Continuous: (1) Form:( Have/Has been + v. + ing ) (a) Affirmative Form: * I've been studying English for ten years. * It has been raining all day. * We have been living here since 1984. * She's been watching TV for 3 hours now. (b) Interrogative Form: (1) Yes/No Questions * Have you been cooking since the afternoon? - Yes, I have. – No, I haven't. * Has Noha been doing puzzles? - Yes, she has. – No, she hasn't. (2) Wh Questions: * How long have you been standing here? - For half an hour. * What has she been doing all day? - She has been typing letters. (2) Usage:* يستخدم زمن المضارع التام المستمر فى الآتى: 1- أحداث بدأت فى الماضى ومازالت مستمرة حتى الوقت الحاضر.* Mona has been playing the piano since she was ten. * I've been waiting for the bus for an hour now. 4- يستخدم للتعبير عن طول مدة حدوث الشىء مع كلمة الإستفهام ( How long? ) * How long have you been working abroad? ( Believe / Forget / Hate / Like / Understand / Know / See / Want / … etc. ) (3) Key words:* يأتى زمن المضارع التام المستمر غالبا مع هذة الكلمات: ( Since / For .. now / For .. still / So far .. now / How long? / All day / All night / All this week / All this month / All this year / .. etc. ) * ملحوظة هامة: إذا جاء مع كلمة ( since) فعل واحد يوضع فى زمن المضارع التام البسيط أو المضارع التام المستمر كالآتى:* I haven't visited the Egyptian museum since 1999. * Mr. Omar has been teaching in this school since 1999. * I have done nothing since we met this morning. * He has been working as a translator since he graduated 8 years ago. Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit Nine * يهتم زمن المضارع التام البسيط بإكتمال الحدث والنتيجة المترتبة عليه كالتالى: *Someone has spilt ink on my jacket. المهم هنا هو الحدث وما نتج عنه فقط. * يهتم زمن المضارع التام المستمر أن الحدث ما زال فى منتصفه فيكون تركيزه على مدة إستغراق الحدث حتى لحظة الكلام.* I have been painting the ceiling for four hours now. المهم هنا هو مدة إستغراق الحدث. (4) Passive Form: :* تتكون صيغة المبنى للمجهول للجملة الخبرية فى زمن المضارع التام المستمر من الأتى ( Have been/Has been + p.p. ) * They have been playing tennis since 5 o'clock. Tennis has been played since 5 o'clock. * The plumber has fixed some pipes. Some pipes have been fixed. (5) Question Tag: * She has been phoning you for an hour, hasn't she? * They haven't been running, have they? ************************************** [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image078.gif[/IMG] [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image079.jpg[/IMG] Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit Ten Question Tags * السؤال المذيل: هو عبارة عن سؤال مختصر يضاف فى نهاية الجملة الخبرية ويكون بمعنى ( أليس كذلك؟): * إذا كانت الجملة مثبتة يكون السؤال المذيل منفى. * He is hard-working, isn't he? * Israa can speak English, can't she? * Samar will meet us, won't he? * Hend has sold a car, hasn't she? * Nour was at the park, wasn't she? * They were tired, weren't they? * There is some food, isn't there? * This is my house, isn't it? * إذا كانت الجملة منفية يكون السؤال المذيل مثبت. * They aren't ill, are they? * She couldn't swim, could she? * They haven't played, have they? * Nada wouldn't come, would she? * There isn't any food, is there? * These aren't my books, are they? * لاحظ أن هناك أساليب نفى غير ( not ) مثل ( Hardly / Rarely / Seldom / Scarcely / Barely /Never / No longer / .. etc. ) كالتــالى:* He rarely visits us, does he? * They no longer play tennis, do they? * ملحوظة هامة: إذا كانت الجملة تخلو من فعل مساعد صريح، نستنتج الفعل المساعد من الفعل الرئيسى بإستخدام: ( do / does / did ) * Aya chats on the net, doesn't she? * They work on Monday, don't they? * I tidied my room, didn't I? * He doesn't like chips, does he? * We don't play chess, do we? * Emy didn't phone, did she? * لاحظ أن: الإجابة على السؤال المذيل المنفى تكون بالإثبات بـ ( Yes ) كالتالى:* The students arrived late, didn't they? - Yes, they did. * He won't pay the bill, will he? - No, he won't. * حـــالات خاصـــــــة: * I am smart, aren't I? * Let's go swimming, shall we? * Let us start, will/won't you? * We shall help him, shan't we? * Close the window, will you? * Don't make a noise, will you? * She never cleans the room, does she? * No body came, did they? * Everyone is ready, aren't they? * Everything is right, isn't it? * Nothing was done, was it? * Somebody called, didn't they? * We needn't take a taxi, need we? * You daren't tell him, dare you? * لاحظ أن: تعامل كلا من ( Everything / Nothing ) معاملة المفرد كما فى الأمثلة السابقة.* وكذلك ( Every one / Everybody / Someone / Somebody / No one / Nobody / Anybody ) تعامل معاملة الجمع كما فى الأمثلة السابقة. Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit Eleven The Past Perfect Continuous Tense: (1) Form:( had been + v. + ing )* يتكون زمن الماضى التام المستمر من: (a) Affirmative Form: * I had been reading the paper for two ours before he came. * There were floods because it had been raining for two days. (b) Interrogative Form: * Had they been eating for 3 hours before your arrival? – No, they hadn't. * What had you been doing before I came? - I had been revising for my exams. (2) Usage:* يستخدم زمن الماضى التام المستمر فى الآتى: 1- يستخدم زمن الماضى التام المستمر لوصف حدث وقع وإستمر لمدة معينة ومحددة من الوقت وذلك قبل حدث ماضى آخر. * They had been waiting for two hours before the plane took off. 2- يستخدم زمن الماضى التام المستمر لإعطاء سبب لحدث وقع فى الماضى. * There were floods because it had been raining for three hours. 3- يستخدم زمن الماضى التام المستمر للتعبير عن التكرار فى الماضى. * We had been trying to reach you on the phone yesterday. (3) Key words: ( After / Before / By the time / When / As soon as / By … o'clock / until ) * الفرق بين الماضى المستمر والماضى التام المستمر: * When I phoned Emy, she was having a piano lesson. * When I phoned Emy, she had been having a piano lesson. [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image081.jpg[/IMG] [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image082.gif[/IMG] [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image083.gif[/IMG] Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit Twelve Pronouns and Reflexive Pronouns * هناك أنواع عديدة من الضمائر كالأتى: Subject Pronouns Object Pronouns Possessive Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns I Me Mine Myself He Him His Himself She Her Hers Herself It It Its Itself We Us Ours Ourselves They Them Theirs Themselves You You Yours Yourself / Yourselves استخدامات الضمائر المنعكسة: 1- عندما يكون الفاعل والمفعول واحد فى الجملة كالتالى: * Zahia cut herself when she was peeling the onions. * We teach ourselves how to use the computer. 2- تستخدم للتأكيد كالتالى: * Who mended the car for you? Nobody, I mended it myself. * I'm not going to do your homework. You'll have to do it yourself. 3- تؤدى معنى ( بمفرده / بدون مساعدة ) فتتساوى فى المعنى مع: ( On my own / Alone / By myself / Without any help ) كالتالى:* I went to the ball on my own (alone). * I learned to drive a car by myself (without any help). * The children are old enough to look after themselves. * I'd like to make a name for myself as a promising teacher. * Try to depend on yourself. ( get up / shave / wash / shower / dress / relax / meet / lie down / hurry / change / undress / afford / complain / approach / sit down / wake up / remember / concentrate / wonder / worry / stand up ) * Everyday, I get up early, wash, dress and go to school. ( behind / next to / beside / in front of / near / close to ) * My brother lives next to me. * When I looked in my car mirror, I found a lorry behind me. Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit Twelve * Don't forget to bring your camera with you. * I will take my son with me to the club. * One should depend on oneself. * They helped each other in solving the problem. * They solved the problem by themselves. * She hurt herself in the accident. ( Have a good time = Enjoy yourself ) ( Be polite/Behave well = Behave yourself ) ( Take food and drink as you like = Help yourself ) ( Behave as if it were your home = Make yourself at home ) *************************** Possessive Pronouns Possessive Adjectives Subject Pronouns Mine My I His His He Hers Her She Its Its It Ours Our We Theirs Their They Yours Your You * This is my mobile phone. This mobile phone is mine. * This is their car. This car is theirs. * This is our room. This room is ours. * Ali is a friend of mine. Ali is one of my friends. * ضمائر الملكية تحل محل صفات الملكية والإسم الذى يليها. * تستخدم ضمائر الملكية تستعمل مع( of ) . [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image084.jpg[/IMG]* لا يأتى مع ضمائر الملكية اسم عكس صفات الملكية. Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit Thirteen Conditional Sentences "IF" (1) Zero Conditional: If مضــــارع بســـــــيــط , مضــــارع بســـــــيــط * If you heat metal, it expands. * If I feel tired, I go to bed. * If you put salt in water, it dissolves. * If plants aren't watered, they fade. * ملحوظة هامة: نلاحظ مما سبق أن ( if ) أداة الشرط ، يتبعها جملة الشرط مضارع بسيط، وجواب الشرط مضارع بسيط أيضا. مضــــارع بســـــــيــط if مضـــــارع بســـــــيــط * Water boils if it is heated to 100 C. * Volcanoes send out lavas if they erupt. * Metals contract if they are cooled. * Wood floats if you put it in water. * من الممكن أن يأتى أجزاء الجملة الشرطية فى صيغة المبنى للمجهول كالتالى: * If water is cooled, it freezes. * If plants are left without water, they fade. [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image085.jpg[/IMG]( Unless = If not ) * If you don't heat metal, it doesn't expand. * Unless you heat metal, it doesn't expand. ***************************************** (2) First Conditional: If مضـــــارع بســــــيــط , مســــتقـبــل بســـــــــيـــط * If you do well at school, you will pass. * If I getup early, I can catch the train * If she has money, she is going to buy a car. * If they score, they may win the race. * ملحوظة هامة: نلاحظ مما سبق أن ( if ) أداة الشرط، يتبعها مضارع بسيط ، وجواب الشرط يكون مستقبل بسيط أوأحد هذه الكلمات: ( be going to / can / may / might / should / must / … )مضــــــارع بســـــــــيــط if مســــــتقــبــل بســــــــــيــط * I will help you if you like. * Wood might float if you put it in water. * I may go to the party if I feel better. * She won't be able to come if she is busy. [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image087.jpg[/IMG]( Unless = If not ) * If you aren't careful, you will have an accident. * Unless you are careful, you will have an accident. Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit Thirteen (3) Second Conditional If مـــــاضــــى بســـــــــيــط , would + infinitive * If she won the medal, she would be pleased. * If I had time, I might visit her. * If she came early, she could meet me. * If he was ill, he would see a doctor. * ملحوظة هامة: نلاحظ مما سبق أنه من الممكن إستخدام ( could / might / would ) فى جملة جواب الشرط. would + infinitive if مـــــاضــــى بســـــــيــط [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image088.jpg[/IMG]* I would look the word up if I had a dictionary. * Would he be sad if he heard the news? * I might call him if I had his mobile number. * He could as for help if he saw any body there. * تعبر الحالة الشرطية الثانية عن حدث غير محتمل الوقوع، نظرا لانه حدث إفتراضى أو تخيلى. [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image090.jpg[/IMG]( Unless = If not ) * If you didn't go out, I would visit you. * Unless you went out, I would visit you. *************************************** ( حالة التمنى أو النصيحة ) If were , would + infinitive * If I were you, I would do my best. * If I were a bird, I could fly. * If I were Ali, I would inform the police. * If she were a doctor, she could help you. would + infinitive if were * I wouldn't watch TV if I had exams. * I would save him if I were a diver. * We would phone you if you were late. * I would help the poor if I were rich. ***************************************** (4) Third Conditional: If ماضى تام , would have + p.p. * If he had been careful, he wouldn't have cut himself. * If you had studied hard, you wouldn't have failed the tests. * What would have happened if Nancy had traveled abroad? * If you had told me, I would have invited him. would have + p.p. if ماضى تام * I wouldn't have bought the car if I had not had much money. Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit Thirteen * We wouldn't have come to the party if he hadn't invited us formally. * She could have missed the train if she had got up late. * Aya might have cancelled the call if he had seen her number. [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image092.jpg[/IMG]* تعبر الحالة الشرطية الثالثة عن حدث مستحيل وقوعه ، أو الندم والأسف على ما فات. ( Unless = If not ) * If you hadn't been careful, you would have fallen into the hole. * Unless you had been careful, you would have fallen into the hole. ************************** Omission of ( if ) * Should: ( Should + Sub. + Inf. ) * تحل هذه الصيغة محلها فى الحالتين الأولى والثانية: [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image094.jpg[/IMG]* If it rains tomorrow, we'll stay at home. * Should it rain tomorrow, we'll stay at home. * If he attended the party, he would meet me. * Should he attend the party, he would meet me. * Were: ( Were + Sub. + Obj. ) OR ( Were + Sub. + to + inf. ) * تحل هذه محل الحالة الثانية: [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image095.jpg[/IMG]* If he were a doctor, he could help her. * Were he a doctor, he could help her. * If he studied hard, he would succeed. * Were he to study hard, he would succeed. * Had: ( Had + Sub. + Obj. ) * تحل هذه الصيغة محل الحالة الثانية: * If he had a car, he would travel. * Had he a car, he would travel. * Had: ( Had + Sub. + P.P. ) * تحل هذه الصيغة محل الحالة الثالثة: * If he had bought a car, he would have traveled. * Had he bought a car, he would have traveled. * لاحظ التعبيرات الآتية المساوية لـ ( If ) فى الحالة الأولى:( Provided / Provided that / Providing / As long as / So long as / In the event that / In case of / On condition that ) * Tourists can enjoy the visit as long as the places are clean. * You can look at the eclipse provided that you wear protective glasses. * She will leave early in case of getting ready. * If he hadn't worked hard, he wouldn't have succeeded. * Without working hard, he wouldn't have succeeded. Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit Thirteen * If Shakespeare had not met his rich patron, he wouldn't have become famous. * Without Shakespeare's rich patron, he wouldn't have become famous. * If it weren't for the Nile, we would suffer floods. * Without the Nile, we would suffer. * But forthe computer, we would waste time. * Ifyou traveled early, you would arrive early. * In case oftraveling early, you would arrive early. * IfI were rich, I would buy a villa. * Were I rich, I would buy a villa. *********************************** [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image097.jpg[/IMG] Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit Fourteen Prepositions (1) Prepositions after nouns: * What was the reason for the accident? * There has been an increase in the number of tourists going to Luxor. * Many people are worried about the problem of climate change. [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image098.gif[/IMG]* The earthquake caused damage to many houses. * My uncle worked for the reform of education. * We never discovered the cause of the accident. * I don't understand the popularity of Rider Haggard's stories. * What is the answer to the problem of climate change? (2) Prepositions with adjectives: * He is brilliant/good/bad at writing exciting stories. [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image099.gif[/IMG]* Shakespeare was most famous for his plays. * He was keen on writing, even as a boy. * I'd be interested in learning more about Rider Haggard. * I was angry/annoyed/disappointed with him for being late. * I'm proud of my brother – he has done so well at school. * My little brother is afraid/frightened/terrified of birds. * Are you worried/excited/happy about going to China? * I'm sorry about forgetting to phone you. * Football has always been popular with young boys. [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image100.gif[/IMG] (3) Prepositions with verbs: * Where can I find out about climate change? * My brother is going to apply for a job at the university. * The explorers were looking for diamonds. * He helped in the reform of education. * Until I read King Solomon's Mines, I'd never heard of Rider Haggard. * I think that car belongs to one of our teachers. * He died of heart disease. Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit Fifteen Active & Passive * تختلف صيغة المبنــى للمجهــول حسب زمن الجملة كالآتـــى: (1) The Present Simple: زمن المضــارع البســـــيط [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image101.jpg[/IMG]( Object + am / is / are + p.p. ) * A farmer grows many crops in Egypt. ( Active ) Many crops are grown in Egypt. ( Passive ) * Engineers design houses to be warm in winter. ( Active ) Houses are designed to be warm in winter. ( Passive ) * The government sets up some new projects. ( Active ) Some new projects are set up. ( Passive ) (2) The Past Simple: زمن المــاضى البســــيط [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image102.jpg[/IMG]( Object + was / were + p.p. ) * Sally changed the bulb yesterday. ( Active ) The bulb was changed yesterday. ( Passive ) * A car hit Ramy last week. ( Active ) Ramy was hit last week. ( Passive ) * The workers made the irrigation canal. ( Active ) The irrigation canal was made. ( Passive ) (3) The Present Continuous: زمن المضــارع المســـتمر [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image104.jpg[/IMG]( Object + am / is / are + being + p.p. ) * Nourhan is doing the washing up now. ( Active ) The washing up is being done now. ( Passive ) * Amr is still changing the curtains. ( Active ) The curtains are still being changed. ( Passive ) * Farmers are planting wheat at the moment. ( Active ) Wheat is being planted at the moment. ( Passive ) (4) The Past Continuous: زمن المــاضى المســتمر [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image105.gif[/IMG] ( Object + was / were + being + p.p. ) * Mohammed was watching a football match on TV. ( Active ) A football match was being watched on TV. ( Passive ) Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit Fifteen * They were holding a conference this morning. ( Active ) A conference was being held this morning. ( Passive ) * Toah was warning her brother about playing with matches. ( Active ) Toah's brother was being warned about playing with matches. ( Passive ) [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image106.jpg[/IMG](5) The Present Perfect: زمن المضــارع التـــام ( Object + has / have + been + p.p. ) * The plumber has fixed all the pipes. ( Active ) All the pipes have been fixed. ( Passive ) * He has already pumped up the tyres. ( Active ) The tyres have already been pumped up. ( Passive ) * The government has spent about 5 billion pounds on desert land. ( Active ) About 5 billion pounds have been spent on desert land. ( Passive ) (6) The Past Perfect: زمن المــاضى التـــام [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image108.jpg[/IMG]( Object + had + been + p.p. ) * Fady had switched off the TV. ( Active ) The TV has been switched off. ( Passive ) * They had gained a lot of money. ( Active ) A lot of money had been gained. ( Passive ) * We had swept the floor of the room. ( Active ) The floor of the room had been swept. ( Passive ) (7) The Future Simple: زمن المستقــبل البســـيط ( Object + will + be + p.p. ) [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image110.jpg[/IMG]* They will finish the project next year. ( Active ) The project will be finished next year. ( Passive ) * Tarneem will need to polish the furniture. ( Active ) The furniture will need to be polished. ( Passive ) * Father will buy a modern car next week. ( Active ) A modern car will be bought next week. ( Passive ) (8) The Near Future: زمن المستقــبل القريــب ( Object + am / is / are + going to + p.p. ) Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit Fifteen * We are going to start work at seven. ( Active ) [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image111.jpg[/IMG] Work is going to be started at seven. ( Passive ) * They are going to meet Aya in the evening. ( Active ) Aya is going to be met in the evening. ( Passive ) * I'm going to install a swimming pool. ( Active ) A swimming pool is going to be installed. ( Passive ) (9) The Present Perfect Continuous: زمن المضــارع التــام المســتمر ( Object + has / have + been + p.p. ) [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image112.gif[/IMG]* The government has been developing Toshka Valley. ( Active ) Toshka Valley has been developed. ( Passive ) * They have been playing badminton since 4 o'clock. ( Active ) Badminton has been played since 4 o'clock. ( Passive ) * The farmers have been irrigating the land for 2 hours. ( Active ) The land has been irrigated for two hours. ( Passive ) (10) Modal Verbs: الأفعــال الناقصــة ( Object + modal verb + be + p.p. ) * Omnia may attend the conference. ( Active ) [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image113.jpg[/IMG] The conference may be attended. ( Passive ) * The painters should paint the walls of my flat. ( Active ) The walls of my flat should be painted. ( Passive ) * Children can do many hobbies in spare time. ( Active ) Many hobbies can be done in spare time. ( Passive ) ******************************* Passive Expressions starting with ( It … ) ( It is/was + said/believed/known/thought + that جملة كاملة ) * We know that people have lived in the desert for thousands of years. It is known that people have lived in the desert for thousands of years. * People say that the building of the Temple of Edfu was started in 237 BC. It is said that the building of the Temple of Edfu was started in 237 BC. * We believe that wolves and foxes were hunted in Sinai 3,000 years ago. It is believed that wolves and foxes were hunted in Sinai 3,000 years ago. Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit Fifteen ( think / allege / mention / decide / report / announce / assume / expect / understand / declare / claim / hope / acknowledge / inform / intend / agree ) [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image114.gif[/IMG]* People believed that he was ambitious. It was believed that he was ambitious. He was believed to be/have been ambitious. ****************************************** ملاحظـــات عامـــة على القاعـــدة * I had a letter yesterday. * A letter was received yesterday. * I have a bath every morning. * A bath is taken every morning. * They let him join the club. * He was allowed to join the club. * He let people insult him. * He let himself be insulted. * The police made the tourist pay a fine. * The tourist was made to pay a fine. * He gave me a present. * A present was given to me. * He found me a seat. * A seat was found for me. ( give / lend / offer / sell / bring / take / read / write / send / show / pass / buy / teach / make / ..etc. ) ( clean / demolish / install / fix / cut / repair / polish / .. etc. ) * We need to cut these trees. * These trees need ( to be cut / cutting ). * He needs to demolish this old house. * This old house needs to be demolished. * Don't take photos in museums. * Photos mustn't be taken in museums. * It is necessary to wash vegetables. * Vegetables must be washed. * It is impossible to replace the brain. * The brain can't be replaced. * It is advisable to make a study plan. * A study plan should be made. Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit Sixteen (1) Obligation and Necessity: (1) Present: ( must / have to / has to ) + infinitive * It is raining heavily. I must/have to take my umbrella. * He has to/must study well before exams. * Do you have to do your homework? - Yes, I do. – No, I don't. * Must I obey my teachers' rules? - Yes, you must. – No, you mustn't. [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image115.jpg[/IMG]* It is necessary for you to leave the camera here. ( have to/must ) * You have to/must leave the camera here. * You are obliged to pay the fine. ( have to/must ) * You have to/must pay the fine. (2) Past: ( had to ) + infinitive * I had to take a taxi as I was late. * She had to stay up late to finish her work. * Did you have to meet the manager in person? - Yes, I did. – No, I didn't. [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image117.gif[/IMG]* It was necessary for me to apologize. ( had to ) * I had to apologize. * I was obliged to buy the goods at a high price. ( had to ) * I had to buy the goods at a high price. (3) Future: ( will have to ) + infinitive * We will have to invade the desert to solve the problem of over-population. * The car is broken. They will have to find a mechanic. * Will you have to prepare for the exam? - Yes, I will. – No, I won't. * Will it be necessary for her to attend the meeting? ( have to ) * Will she have to attend the meeting? ************************************* (2) Lack of Necessity: [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image119.gif[/IMG] (1) Present: ( don't have to / doesn't have to / needn't ) + infinitive * We don't have to work on Friday. It is a holiday. * Maha doesn't have to wear a hat. The sun isn't shining brightly. * She needn't wear an overcoat. It isn't raining. * They needn't buy shirts. They still have new ones. * It is unnecessary for them to meet the guests. ( needn't/have to ) Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit Sixteen * They needn't meet the guests. They don't have to meet the guests. (2) Past: ( didn't have to + infinitive ) / ( needn't have + p.p. ) * She didn't have to go to a restaurant. She had lunch at home. [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image120.gif[/IMG]* They didn't have rent a flat. They had a villa. * It was unnecessary for us to ask for help. ( needn't/have to ) * We needn't have asked for help. We didn't have to ask for help. (3) Future: ( won't have to + infinitive ) * Friday is the first of May. Workers won't have to go to work. * I won't have to tell Nada the time. She knows it well. * Maram won't have to recharge her credit. She has just recharged it. [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image121.gif[/IMG]* It will be unnecessary for Nouran to buy new dresses. ( have to ) * Nouran won't have to buy new dresses. ****************************************** (3) Prohibition: ( mustn't + infinitive ) * You mustn't smoke at a petrol station. * You mustn't shout in hospitals. * You mustn't take photographs here. ( allowed/forbidden/banned/against the law ) * You aren't allowed to take photographs here. * It is forbidden / banned / prohibited / prevented / not permitted / against the law to take photographs here. ****************************************** (4) Giving advice: ( should / had better / If I were you, I'd .. ) + inf. [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image122.gif[/IMG]* You should do your best at school. ( If … ) * If I were you, I would do my best at school. * You had better study your lessons regularly. ( should ) * You shouldn't drink too much fizzy water. ***************************************** * I must be careful on the ladder. (تعبر عن مشاعر شخصية أو واجب شخصى تجاه موقف ) * I have to borrow some money. ( تعبر عن اضطرار أو واقع حتمى ) Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit Seventeen Infinitive Passive [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image123.gif[/IMG]( Object + modal verb + be + p.p. ) * Omnia may attend the conference. ( Active ) The conference may be attended. ( Passive ) * The painters should paint the walls of my flat. ( Active ) The walls of my flat should be painted. ( Passive ) * Children can do many hobbies in spare time. ( Active ) Many hobbies can be done in spare time. ( Passive ) * لاحظ أيضا هذه الأمثلة: * He went to university where he trained as a chemist. He went to university to be trained as a chemist. * After they had released him from prison, she sold his car. Having been released from prison, she sold his car. *********************************** [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image124.gif[/IMG] [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image126.jpg[/IMG] Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary From theory to practice Unit Eighteen Ability, Possibility & Permission (1) Ability: * يختلف التعبير عن القدرة أو الإمكانية حسب الزمن كالآتى: [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image127.jpg[/IMG](a) Present: ( Can / am-is-are able to + infinitive ) * I can climb a mountain. I am able to climb a mountain. * Sally can't do the housework. Sally isn't able to do the housework. * Can you climb a mountain? - Yes, I can. – No, I can't. * Are you able to solve the problem? - Yes, I am. – No, I am not. (b) Past: ( Could / was-were + infinitive ) * She could come to the party on time. She was able to come to the party on time. * Amr couldn't attend the symposium. Amr wasn't able to attend the symposium. * Could she ride a bike two years ago? - Yes, she could. – No, she couldn't. * Was she able to cook meals? - Yes, she was. – No, she wasn't. * Were they able to fly a plane? - Yes, they were. – No, they weren't. ********************************* (2) Possibility:* يتم التعبير عن الإمكانية فى الوقت الحاضر والمستقبل كالآتى: [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image128.jpg[/IMG]* It is possible to ski on the hills. You can ski on the hills. * It was possible to go to the cinema. You could go to the cinema. * It impossible to buy this expensive villa. You can't buy this expensive villa. * It was impossible to meet him in person. We couldn't meet him in person. ********************************* (3) Permission: * It is permitted to drive at the age of seventeen. You can drive at the age of seventeen. * It is prohibited to park near this building. You can't park near this building. * May I use your mobile phone, please? * Could I try on this jacket, please? * In the past, people were allowed to drive without passing a driving test. [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image129.jpg[/IMG] In the past, people could drive without passing a driving test. * It was prohibited to have two telephone lines at home. You couldn't have two telephone lines at home. ********************************* Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary Additional Grammar ( بعض القواعد والتراكيب اللغوية التى سبق دراستها الأعوام السابقة ولم ترد فى منهج هذا العام ) ( Infinitive & Gerund ) (1) Verbs + to + infinitive: Meaning Meaning Meaning Verb يعرض / يقدم Offer يخطط Plan يزعم / يدعى Claim يمكن Enable يحاول Try يتظاهر / يدعى Pretend ينسى Forget يوافق Agree يظهر Appear يريد Want يتعلم Learn يبدو Seem يتوقع Expect يوعد Promise يقرر Decide يأمل Hope يسمح Allow يرفض Refuse ينصح Advise يعلم / يدرس Teach يهدد Threaten يتمنى Wish يحاول Attempt يرتب Arrange ينوى Intend يستحق Deserve يفضل 'd prefer يخطط Plan يدبر / ينجح Manage يجرؤ Dare * He agreed to help me with my work. * Soha wants to be a doctor. * Sorry. I forgot to post the letter. * We arranged to travel in three days. * He threatened to punish her fiercely. * Leila intends to spend the holiday here. ************************************************** (2) Verbs + Gerund ( v + ing ): Meaning Meaning Meaning Verb يفتقد / يفوت Miss يخاطر / يجازف Risk يستمتع بـ Enjoy يكره Dislike يرشح / يوصى بـ Recommend يتجنب Avoid لا يستطيع أن يمنع نفسه Can't help يفضل Prefer ينكر Deny لا يطيق Can't stand يتخيل Imagine يؤجل Delay يقضى Spend يتخيل Fancy ينهى Finish يمانع Mind يتدرب / يمارس Practise يكره Hate يندم على Regret يواصل Keep يتوقف عن Stop يستلزم Involve يذهب لأداء Go يقبل / يعترف بـ Admit يحب Love يحب Like يمنع Prevent يؤجل Postpone يأتى لأداء Come يقترح Suggest Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary Additional Grammar * They enjoyed dancing at the party. * We suggest visiting our friends. * I regret wasting my time uselessly. * I can't help falling in love with her. * Do you mind collecting Nada? * Stop making such a noise. ************************************************** (3) Verbs + ( infinitive or Gerund ): Meaning Meaning Meaning Verb يفضل Prefer يواصل Continue يبدأ Begin يحب Love يحب Like يبدأ Start يكره Hate * It started to rain. It started raining. * We like to swim. We like swimming. * I prefer to leave now. I prefer leaving now. * She continued to study/studying. ( would like / would prefer / would hate / would love ) + to + infinitive. * ملحوظة هامة: هناك تعبيرات يتبعها أيضا مصدر الفعل مثل: ( It's time / We're sorry / It's easy / .. ) + to + infinitive. ( It's no use/It's no good/Feel like/Be used to/Look forward to/ .. ) + Gerund. * It is no use crying over spilt milk. * I look forward to meeting Amira. ************************************************** [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image130.jpg[/IMG] Beyond in English! Your best way to excel! Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary Additional Grammar Reported Speech ( Direct & Indirect Speech ) * الكلام الغير مباشر ( المنقول ): هو الكلام الذى يأتى على لسان شخص آخر غير المتحدث الأصلى ولا يوضع بين علامات تنصيص. أنواع الكلام المباشر: (1) الجمــل الخبريــة. (2) الجمل الأمريــة والطلــبات. (3) الأسئلــة ( نوعان ). (1) Statements:الجمـل الخبريـة * خطوات تحويل الجملة الخبرية من الكلام المباشر إلى الكلام الغير مباشر:(1) نغير كلمة القول حسب زمن الجملة كالتالى: say ………. say says ………. says said ………. said say to ………. tell says to …..…. tells said to ………. told (3) تتغير الضمائر حسب المتكلم والمخاطب. (4) يتغير زمن الجملة داخل القوس حسب فعل القول خارج الأقواس. ملحوظـــة هامـــة: لا يتم تغيير الزمن داخل الأقواس إذا كان فعل القول مضـارع بسيــط. * Ola says to me, "I will send the letter." ( Direct ) Ola tells me that she will send the letter. ( Indirect ) Reported Speech Direct Speech Past Simple Present Simple Past Continuous Present Continuous Past Perfect Present Perfect Past Perfect Past Simple Modal Verbs: ( Could / Would / Might / Should / Had to ) + infinitive Modal Verbs: ( Can / Will / May / Shall / Must ) + infinitive * Nourhan says to Aya, "I do my homework in the evening." ( Direct ) Nourhan tells Aya that she does her homework in the evening. ( Indirect ) * Reem said to Rowan, "I revised all my lessons." ( Direct ) Reem told Rowan that she had revised all her lessons. ( Indirect ) * Alyaa said to Remas, "I'm watching TV now." ( Direct ) Alyaa told Remas that she was watching TV then. ( Indirect ) Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary Additional Grammar * Omnia said, "I will study the story by myself." ( Direct ) Omnia said that she would study the story by herself. ( Indirect ) Indirect Speech Direct Speech then now that day today that night tonight the next day tomorrow the day before yesterday the following week next week the year before last year before ago that this those these there here so thus * Amira said to Samar, "I must do my homework now." ( Direct ) Amira told Samar that she had to do her homework then. ( Indirect ) * Rania said to Meran, "I visited this place three days ago." ( Direct ) Rania told Meran that she had visited that place three days before. ( Indirect ) * Israa said to me, "I have phoned you." ( Direct ) Israa told me that she had phoned me. ( Indirect ) * Menna said to Alaa, "You have to tidy your room tonight." ( Direct ) Menna told Alaa that she ( Alaa ) had to tidy her room that night. ( Indirect ) * Yara says to Mayar, "I learn many subjects at school this year." ( Direct ) Yara tells Mayar that she learns many subjects at school that year. ( Indirect ) * Tasneem said to Rowayda, "My father was born in 1961." ( Direct ) Tasneem told Rowayda that her father was born in 1961. ( Indirect ) Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary Additional Grammar (2) Questions: الأســــئلة * هناك نوعان من الأسئلة: (1) أسئلة تبدأ بفعل مساعد بمعنى ( هل ). (2) أسئلة تبدأ بكلمة إستفهام. (A) Yes / No Questions: * خطوات تحويل السؤال ( بمعنى هل ) إلى الغير مباشر: (1) يحول فعل القول حسب زمن السؤال. say to …….... ask / want to know says to ………. asks / wants to know said to ……….. asked / wanted to know (3) ترتب الجملة من جديد بشكل خبرى: ( فاعل + فعل + ... ) (4) تحول الضمائر والأزمنة كما هو الحال فى الجملة الخبرية. * Noha said to Basma, "Are you sixteen years old this year?" ( Direct ) Noha asked Basma if/whether she was sixteen years old that year. ( Indirect ) * Amira said to Nourhan, "Do you go to the library on Fridays?" ( Direct ) Amira asked Nourhan if she went to the library on Fridays. ( Indirect ) * Aya said to Reem, "Will you visit the country this summer?" ( Direct ) Aya asked Reem if she would visit the country that summer. ( Indirect ) * Rowan asked Menna, "Did you do the washing up yesterday?" ( Direct ) Rowan asked Mnna if she had done the washing up the day before. ( Indirect ) * Merna says to Maysara, "Can you do these puzzles?" ( Direct ) Merna asks Maysara if she can do these puzzles. ( Indirect ) * Ahmed said to Hany, "Are you going to travel tomorrow?" ( Direct ) Ahmed asked Hany if she was going to travel the following day. ( Indirect ) * Dina said to Omar, "Have you ever been to Port Said?" ( Indirect ) Dina asked Omar if she had ever been to Port Said. ( Indirect ) * Mahmoud said to Nader, "Is this your notebook?" ( Direct ) Mahmoud asked Nader if that was his book. ( Indirect ) (  Wh- Questions:(1) يحول فعل القول حسب زمن السؤال. say to …….... ask / want to know says to ………. asks / wants to know said to ……….. asked / wanted to know Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary Additional Grammar (4) تحول الضمائر والأزمنة كما هو الحال فى الجمل الخبرية. * Bakinam said to Samar, "When do you go to school?" ( Direct ) Bakinam asked Samar when she went to school. ( Indirect ) * Taghreed said to Israa, "How much sugar do you want?" ( Direct ) Taghreed asked Israa how much sugar she wanted. ( Indirect ) * Sara says to Nada, "Where are you going to spend the weekend?" ( Direct ) Sara asks Nada where she is going to spend the weekend. ( Indirect ) * Ahmed said to Mustafa, "How did you go to Benha last month?" ( Direct ) Ahmed asked Mustafa how he had gone to Benha the month before. ( Indirect ) * Amr said to Tarek, "Why have you sold your old car?" ( Direct ) Amr asked Tarek why he had sold his old car. ( Indirect ) * Ahmed said to Ayman, "How many boxes can you carry?" ( Direct ) Ahmed asked Ayman how many boxes he could carry. ( Indirect ) * Jihan asked Shrouk, "What kinds of things will you buy here?" ( Direct ) Jihan asked Shrouk what kinds of things she would buy there. ( Indirect ) * Amr asked Menna, "What time did you return home yesterday?" ( Direct ) Amr asked Menna what time she had returned home the day before. ( Indirect ) * Fatma said to Aisha, "What must you do before exams?" ( Direct ) Fatma asked Aisha what she had to do before exams. ( Indirect ) * Islam said to Gehad, " Whose books are these?" ( Direct ) Islam asked Gehad whose books those were. * Sohaila said to Nour, "What shall I do to get the full marks?" ( Direct ) Sohaila asked Nour What she should do to get the full marks. ( Indirect ) (C) Instructions & Requests: التعليمــات والطلبــات * خطوات تحويل جملة الطلب إلى الغير مباشر:(1) نغير كلمة القول حسب زمن الجملة. say to …………. ask / order / tell says to …………… asks / orders / tells said to ……………. asked / ordered / told * My dad says to me, "Study your lessons regularly." ( Direct ) My dad orders me to study my lessons regularly. ( Indirect ) Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary Additional Grammar * My uncle said to me, "Bring me a stamp, please." ( Direct ) My uncle asked me to bring him a stamp. ( Indirect ) * Mother said to me, "Don't stay up late, Rana." ( Direct ) Mother told Rana not to stay up late. ( Indirect ) * My elder brother said to me, "Don't leave the TV turned on." ( Direct ) My elder brother asked me not to leave the TV turned on. ( Indirect ) ******************************************* ************************* Modals of possibility * يختلف إستخدام الأفعال الناقصة للتعبير عن الإستنتاج حسب درجة التأكــد كالآتى: (1) Present: ( Must be / can't be / may be / might be ) + infinitive * Must be: تستخدم للتعبير عن إستنتاج قوى ومنطقى مثبت فى المضارع. * He must be English. He is so fluent in speaking. [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image131.gif[/IMG]* He is definitely English. He is so fluent in speaking. * She is wearing expensive clothes. She must be rich. * Can' t be: تستخدم للتعبير عن إستنتاج قوى ومنطقى سلبا فى المضارع. * He can't be Egyptian. He doesn't speak Arabic. * He is definitely not Egyptian. He doesn't speak Arabic. * He is driving an expensive car. He can't be poor. * May be: تستخدم للتعبير عن إستنتاج غير مؤكد وغير محتمل الحدوث فى المضارع. * Sara is not here today. She may be ill. It is probable. * I can't find my book. It may be in the drawer. * Might be: .تستخدم للتعبير عن إستنتاج جائز حدوثه فى المضارع ولكنه ضعيف جدا * This is a foreign tourist. He might be French. It is possible. * Alyaa is not at home. She might be at the shops. I don't know exactly. ************************************* (2) Past: ( Must have / Can't have / May have / Might have ) + p.p. * Must have + p.p.: تستخدم للتعبير عن إستنتاج قوى ومنطقى مثبت فى الماضى * I'm frightened of snakes. A snake must have frightened me when I was a child. * Ali came to the party. Emad must have invited him. Beyond in English 2nd Year Secondary Additional Grammar * Can't have + p.p.: تستخدم للتعبير عن قوى ومنطقى سلبا فى الماضى. * It is only 4 o'clock. The match can't have finished already. * I attended the seminar. Merna can't have attended it. I didn't see her. * May have + p.p.: تستخدم للتعبير عن إستنتاج غير مؤكد وغير محتمل الحدوث فى الماضى. * I can't find my mobile phone. I may have forgotten it at home. * Israa visited me but I wasn't at home. My sister may have received her then. * Might have + p.p.: تستخدم للتعبير عن إستنتاج جائز حدوثه فى الماضى ولكنه ضعيف جدا. * Azza wasn't at school yesterday. She might have had a doctor's appointment. * Ali didn't study well yesterday. He might have done well in the exams. ****************************************** ********************** [IMG]file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/A&R/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/msohtml1/01/clip_image133.gif[/IMG] Mr. Amr wishes you all the best of luck! |
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