final revision

[fathi nashaat]

Units (1 – 5 )
The
متى تستخدم أداة التعريف the ومتى نستغني عنها
* لا تغير بالجمع أو الأفراد أو التذكر أو التأنيث
(1) قبل الأشياء ( الوحيدة ) الفريدة من نوعها التي لا توجد منها إلا نوع واحد في الحياة مثل :
* The sun – the moon – the world – the earth – the sky ……..
(2) قبل الاختراعات أو الاكتشافات
*When was the telephone invented ?
*The computer is a wonderful invention.
- هنا المقصود التليفون عموما
(3) قبل هذه الكلمات:
*( The cinema – the internet – the radio – the theatre )
*We are going to the cinema next week .
( وليس قبل Television )
*I like watching Television …..
(4) مع أسلوب المقارنة الاتى ليوضح ارتباط حدوث شئ أخر .

The more……………" the more…………………..

كلما ..................كلما

* The more you study , the more marks you get .
* The sooner you start , the earlier you will finish .
(5) قبل صيغ التفصيل ( Superlatives )
* the greatest warlord the strongest boy / the best player.



ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
(6) قبل الاسم المفرد لتدل على جميع الأشياء من هذا النوع وليس حيوان أو شئ معين ( نفس الفصيلة )
* The giraffe is found in Africa .
* The whale is mammal . not a fish .
* The fly is a common insect .
(7) عندما نقصد فكرة عامة عن شئ ما .
الريف .......................*The countryside ...
* The town – the sea – the ground .
* I like living in the countryside.
(8) قبل الأنهار والبحار والمحيطات وسلاسل الجبال ( ليس الجبال المنفردة) والصحارى
* The Red sea –The Pacific.Nile – the
(9) قبل الفنادق والمتاحف والمسارح والمؤسسات لمشهورة .
*The Hilton . the Egyptian museum . the opera . The national bank……
(10) قبل الأسماء المركبة لبعض الدول .
*The Sudan – the U . S.A . the A .R .E .
(11) عندما نعيد ذكر اسم سبق ذكره حيث أصبح معلوما الآن للسامع .
* A lion attacked Ali so he had to shoot the animal
* He gave me some money .I thanked him for the money he gave me.
(12) قبل اسم تم تحديدة أو تعريفه بصفة أو عبارة وصفية أو بشبه جملة وصفيه ( وخاصة تلك التي بها of) مثل :
*The work of prof . zewail
*The university of Cairo .
* The history of Egypt .
(13) قبل الآلات الموسيقية :
The piano – the drums – the lute
(14) قبل الكتب المقدسة :
( الإنجيل ) -the Bible ( القرآن الكريم ) * The Koran

لا تستخدم the في الأحوال التاليه :
(1) قبل أسماء الوجبات .
Lunch – dinner – breakfast .*
(2) قبل الأسماء المجردة .
-beautyالديمقراطية -Democracy الأمانة *Honesty -
- happiness - sadness

( 3 ) قبل أسماء المواد .
* Oil used to make plastic
( 4 ) مع أسماء القارات والبلاد والمدن .
* Asia . Africa .Egypt . Tanta .
( 5 ) مع الأسماء الجمع ( Countable ) حين نعبر عن أفكار عامة :
* Women usualiy live longer than men .
* Bens are good for you .
* Trees can be used as afence.
( 6) مع الاسم الفرد الدال على كمية ( ( Uncountableوالذي يشير إلى النوع كله.
* Meat is rich in proteins .
( 7 ) مع أسماء الشوارع والحدائق والكباري والميادين.
*Tahrir street Gomhoria square – 6 th October Bridge
( 8 ) قبل أسماء اللغات والأديان .
* French – German . …….. Islam.
( 9) قبل الألعاب الرياضية .
* Football is a very popular game .
(10) قبل المواد المدرسية.
*I want to study science and technology.
(11) قبل أنواع الطعام والشراب.
* Milk is good for you
(12) قبل النباتات .
* Trees don’t grow without water .
(13) قبل الوظائف .
* Scientist have to study hard.
لكن
هذه الكلمات :-
School – hospital – prison – work – bed
The: إذا كان الذهاب إليها من اجل الغرض الذي أنشأت من أجله لا تاخد
*he went to school . للتعليم ))
Have / Have got
*have – have got = own , possess
* have – have got ماضي had
*has - has got = own , possess
*has – has got ماضي had
. فقط ( had) هي (had got – has got ) " أن صيغة الماضي من
Statement Question
I have a car .
He has a car .
I have got a car.
He has got a car.
I have a car. Do you have a car ?
Does he have a car ?
Have you got a car ?
Has he got a car ?
Did you have a car ?

Statement Negative
I have a car .
He has a car.
I have got a car .
He has got a car .
I had a car . I don’t have a car.
He doesn’t have a car.
I haven’t got a car .
He hasn’t got a car .
I didn’t have a car .


ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
(Have / has) *لاحظ:
تستخدم فقط مع التعبيرات الآتية :
Have breakfast Have lunch Have dinner
Have a meal Have a drink Have tea
Have coffee Have a shower Have a swim
Have a swim Have a bath Have a wash
Have a rest Have a holiday Have a sleep
Have a party Have fun Have a happy time
Have a fight Have a quarrel Have an argument
Have a discussion Have a look Have a cigarette
Have a difficulty Have an operation Have trouble
Have a baby Have a talk Have a happy time

ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ

The past Continuous
Formation:
Subject + ( was – were + V –ing )
يعبر الماضي المستمر عن حدثين في الماضي .
أحدهما كان مستمر ( ماضي مستمر) قطعة حدث أخر ( ماضي بسيط ).
ماضي بسيط ماضي مستمر
While – as – just as
*While I was studying , the lights went out .
= While studying , the lights went out .



(1) While ( ماضي مستمر ) ماضي مستمر)
*While I was studying , my brother was watching TV.
(2) While = During ( n. , v- ing ).
*During his speech , the boss didn’t look at the listeners .( while).
*While giving a speech , the boss didn’t look at the listeners.
(3)When (ماضي بسيط ) ( ماضي مستمر ).
When ( حسب معني الجملة ) (ماضي مستمر) ( ماضي بسيط )
When = on ( n. , v-ing ) .
. On my father's arrival , I was studying .( when ).
. when my father arrived , I was studying .

The past perfect
Formation :
Subject + had +pp.
يعبر الماضي التام عن حدثين في الماضي . أحدهما وقع أولا ( ماضي تام ) والآخر حدث بعده .( ماضي بسيط ).
يستخدم الماضي التام مع :
After / As soon as .(ماضي بسيط ) ( ماضي تام )
First I finished my work , then I went out . (After).
= After I had finished my work , I went out .
(ماضي تام ) ( ماضي بسيط ) Before / By the time
Before I went out . I had finished my work .



* when I had finished work , I went out .
* when I arrived home , my mother had already cooked lunch
* I had no sooner finished work than I went out .
* No sooner had I finished work than I went out .
* I didn’t go out until he had finished work .
* It wasn’t until I had finished work , that I went out .
* It was only when I had finished work . I went out .
* After finishing work , I went out .
* By Seven o'clock , I had finished my work .
* After = Having + pp
Having Finished my work , I went out . ( After )
After I had finished my work , I went out .
Grammar Revision
Units (6 – 10 ) Comparison of adjective
أولا : الصفات القصيرة :
1) عند المقارنة بين أثنين نضيف في نهاية الصفة ( er ) ونكتب بعدها (then)
2) عند المقارنة بين أكثر من اثنين نكتب قبل الصفة ( the ) ونضيف في نهايتها ( est )
The shortest Shorter then Short
The tallest Taller then tall
The oldest Older then old
* ملاحظات على الصفات القصيرة :
إذا انتهت الصفة القصيرة بحرف ساكن يسبقه حرف متحرك نضيف الحرف الأخير.
The fattest Fatter then fat
The thinnest Thinner then thin
The oldest Bigger then Big
إذا انتهت الصفة القصيرة بحرف : (y) تقلب إلى ( I )
The happiest Happier then Happy
The heaviest Heavier then Heavy
The luckiest Luckier then Lucky
إذا انتهت الصفة القصيرة بحرف ( e ) نضف ( r ) أو ( st )
The largest Larger then Large
* الصفات الشاذة تحفظ كما هي
The best Better then Good
The worst Worse then Bad
The farthest Farther then Far
The furthest Further then Far
The most More then Many
The most More then Much
The least Less then Little


ثالثا : عند تساوي الصفات :
عند التعبير عن تساوي الصفة نستخدم التعبير التالي :
+ as الصفة as +
* Your mobile is as good as mine.
* Your mobile is as expensive as mine .
* عند نفى التعبير السابق نستخدم :
as + الصفة + Not as
as + الصفة + Not so
*Your mobile is not as good as mine .
*Your mobile is not so expensive as mine .

اسمه+ as = the same + الصفة as +
*Ali and Ahmed are the same age .
*Ali is as old as Ahmed .
يليها صفة قصيرة أو طويلة Less – least
* Ali is not as tall as Hani . ( less )
Ali is less tall then hani .
* Hani ' s car is not as expensive as Ali's ( less )
Hani' s car is less expensive than Ali 's
* Hani is the shortest boy in the class . ( least )
Hani is the least short .
*No car is cheaper than Hani' s ( least )
Hani ' s car is the least expensive .
* لتحديد مقدار الصفة نستخدم الكلمات الآتية :
*Hani is one metre tall , but Ali is two meters . ( much )
Ali is much taller then Hani .

Older - elder
Older تستخدم للمقارنة بين اثنين ويليها كلمة then
Elder تستخدم للمقارنة بين أفراد الاسرة ولا يليها كلمة then


*Hani is older then Dina .
* Hani is my elder brother .
* Which is the oldest of the boys ?
* Which is the older of the two boys ?
ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ

Conjunctions
(1) conjunctions to show addition
*Besides – in addition to – as well as.
*she climbed the mountain and spent the night there .
Besides climbing the mountain , she spent the night there .
In addition to / As well as climbing the mountain , she spent the night there.
لاحظ :
الفعل الذي يلي ( as well as ) يتبع الفاعل الأول .
*I am Egyptian . she is Egyptian ( as well as )
I as well as she am Egyptian .
She as well as I is Egyptian .
* I speak Arabic . she speak Arabic . ( as well as ) .
I as well as she speak Arabic .
She as well as I speak Arabic .





* she climbed the mountain and spent the night there .( not only )
she not only climbed the mountain but also spent the night there .
not only did she climb the mountain , but also spent the night there .

ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ


(2) Conjunctions to show contrast

1. Although – though –even though – even if ( sub – verb)
* He studied hard , but he didn’t succeed. ( Although )
= Although he studied hard , he didn’t succeed .
2. However ( adj . + sub + verb ) .
* He is poor , but he is happy . ( however)
However poor he is , he is happy .
3. Whatever ( noun + sub . + verb )
* Although he makes mistakes , I forgive him . ( Whatever )
= Whatever mistakes he makes , I forgive him
4. adj . as ( sub. + verb )
*He is clever , but he can't get the top mark .(as)
= clever as he is , he can't get the top mark .
5. Despite = in spite of ( noun or v + ing )
ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ

3) Conjunctions to show reason)

because  
فعل + فاعل + لان since 
as  

ex : He passed the exam because he studied hard .
Because of  
Owing to 
بسبب Due to 
noun / v.+ing Thanks to 
through  



Ex: He solved the problem because he was clever. (because of )
*He solved the problem because of being clever .
*He solved the problem because of his cleverness .
ex: he didn’t come to school because the road was muddy.
*he didn’t come to school due to the muddy.
ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ

4) Conjunctions to show purpose

so as to  
الفعل في المصدر +inf. in order to 
to  

( في حالة المضارع ) المصدر inf. + (not) can/may + فاعل sub. so that 
in order that 

( في حالة الماضي ) المصدر could / might + فاعل sub so that 
in order that 
لا بد من حذف الأفعال الأتيه عند الربط بهم
Want to / hope to / like to / intend to / need to :
Ex : He goes to London . He wants to take a degree .
* He goes to London in order to take a degree .
* He goes to London in order that he may take a degree .
Ex : he went to the zoo . He wanted to see animals .
* He went to the zoo so that he could see the animals .
* He went to the zoo to see animals .
ملحوظة : لكي تأتي بمصدر بعد so as to و to و in order to لا بد من حذف الفاعل والأفعال التي تدل علي الرغبة والحاجة .وعند النفي تصبح ( in order not to )




5) Conjunctions to show result



  لذلك so
 because . as . since هذا هو السبب that's why
 لهذا therefore
  بناءا علية consequently

Ex: He studies hard so he gets high marks . ( because )
* He gets high marks because he studies hard .
ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
6) Conjunctions to show result

if = فقط إذا only if = بشرط أن provided that = طالما as long as

Ex: if he runs fast , he will win the race .
* provided that he runs fast , he will win the race .
* As long as he runs fast , he will win the race .
Ex : He will only succeed if he studies hard .
* He will succeed provided that he studies hard .


إذا لم ( unless = if + not = except if )

Ex : You will not succeed unless / excepect if you study hard .
= You will not succeed if you don't study hard .
عند استبدال unless مكان if لا بد من نفي الفعل .




1- عند تحويل الجملة المعلومة إلي المجهولة نتبع الآتي : -
* المفعول يصبح فاعل .
نضع زمن (to be) في زمن فعل الجملة . ثم التصريف الثالث للفعل .
* يصبح الفاعل مفعولا مسبوقا بــ (by) .




















ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ

مجـــــــــهول معلـــــــــــــــــوم أزمنــــــة
مفرد am جمع is +p.p. 
are  يتكون من الفعل في المصدر أو مضافا إليه s إذا سبق بفاعل مفرد غائب
( it – he – she ) مضارع بسط
The present simple
Ex: Ali studies English. English is studies by Ali . (معلوم)
مفرد was
+ p.p.
جمع were يتكون من التصريف الثاني للفعل . معظم الأفعال تنتهي بـ d-ed-ied والأفعال الشاذة تحفظ . ماضي بسيط
The past simple
Ali studied English.(معلوم)
English was studied by Ali . ( مجهول )
( will + be + p.p )
be + p.p ) + فعل ناقص ) يتكون من : مصدر الفعل + will
أو ( مصدر الفعل + فعل ناقص ) مثل
Can , have to , has to , had to
, ought to
مستقبل بسيط
The future
She is studying English . English will be studied by her.( معلوم )
Am
is + being + p.p .
are Am
( فعل نهايته v.ing) + is
Are
مضارع مستمر
The present continuous
She is studying English . English is being studied .( معلوم )
Was
+ being + p.p .
were Was
( فعل نهايته v.ing ) +
were ماضي مستمر
The past con.
She was studying English . English was being studied .( معلوم )
Have
Been + p.p
Has Have
( التصريف الثالث p.p ) +
Has مضارع تام
The pr. perfect
She has studied English. English has been studied . ( معلوم )
Had + been + p.p Had + p.p
ماضي تام
The p. perfect
She had studied English. English had been studied . ( معلوم )


ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ

Relative pronouns
Who – which – whom – that – where – when - whose
لا بد حذف في الجملة الثانية عند الربط بهذه الضمائر وألا تكون الجملة خطأ .
( الذي – التي – الذين – اللاتي ) : who
Ex : The boy is clever . He can answer any question . (who)
The boy who can answer any question is clever .
Or : The boy who is clever can answer any question .
Ex : I met a girl . She is nice .
I met a girl who is nice .
( في حالة المفعول ) who /m
Ex : The boy is good . I help him .
The boy who / whom I help is good .
Ex : The girl is polite . I respect her .
The girl who / whom I respect is polite .
Which :
Ex : The house is new . it cost a lot .
*The house which cost a lot is new .
ثانيا : حالة المفعول :
*The house which is new cost a lot .
Ex : The house is new . I cost a lot .
The house which I built is new .
للملكية عاقل وغير عاقل whose
عند استخدام whose
لاحظ حذف ( his , her , their , its , my , your ) أو s الملكية نضع whose بدلا منها
Ex : The man is rich . I bought his car .
The man whose car I bought is rich .
Where = in which
عند الربط بـ where توضع بعد المكان في الجملة الأولي ثم نحذف المكان المتكرر في الجملة .
الثانية أو ( in it – here – there )

Ex : My sister studied in France . She got her P.h.D. from France .(where )
* My sister studied in France where she got her Ph .D.
* I go to school which I learn in . = I go to school where I learn .
تستخدم للزمن : when
Ex : It is cold in winter . We wear heavy clothes in winter .
* Winter is the time when we wear heavy clothes .

ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
Grammar Revision
Units (11-15) it is said that ……

It is said / it was said


He is said to + inf / have p.p .
He was said to have + p.p.
قيل أن – يقال أن
أساليب التعبير عن الرأي العام في المضارع والماضي
* Present : it is said that He is said to + inf
قبل أن * Past : it was said that
He was said to have + p.p

Examples :

Ex : People say that Zewail is clever .
* it is said that Zewail is clever .
* Zewail is said to be clever .
Ex : People think that he deceives people .
*it is thought that he deceive people .
*He is thought to deceive people .
Ex : People believed that he was a liar .
*it was believed that he was a liar .
*He was believed to have been a liar .

Countable and uncountable nouns

كمية مفردة لا تعد Much +little , a little+
عدد في صيغة الجمع دائما Many # a few , a few +
تأتي في الإثبات للكمية والعدد * a lot of : ( money – books )
تأتي في الإثبات للكمية والعدد * Plenty of : ( money – books )
لاحظ الآتي : N . B .
قليل لا يكفي little / قليل يكفي a little / قليل لا يكفي few / قليل يكفي 1. a few
أكثر من اللازم too much / كثير جدا so much / كثير جدا 2. very much

لاحظ الأشياء الآتية:
Eg hysics/cards/Billiards/measles/hepatitis+(is_was_has) .
Eg :Ten kilometers is abig distance .
Eg :Ten hours is not enough time to finish reading abook .
Eg :Ten pounds is not enough money for me .
لاحظ أدوات التجزئة الآتية:
A bit of/apiece of/a bar of/a slice of/a sheet of/a jar of a dag of/a packet of cigarettes/biscuit/a bar of chocolate, soap/a piece, a bit of a slice(of meat)a sheet of paper/a jar of jam/a loaf of bread..
لاحظ أن كلمة:newsمفردة
هناك كلمات تستخدم كمية وعدد ضوءlight مصباح A light
بعض الأسماء التي لا تعد:
Advice_behaviour_furniture_scenery_machinery_bread _information_baggage_luggage_permission_weather_fu n_health_knowledage_traffic_work_progress_freedom_ money .
تأتىsome)):في الإثبات للكمية والعدد
Eg some money/books)
تأتى (any):في النفي و السؤال
EX:any mony/books)
The present prefect tense
Have/has + p.p.
يعبر عن حدث وقع فى الماضى ومازال موجود في الوقت الحالي
*I have lost my car.(I have no car now) .
يعبر عن شئ حدث من فترة قصيرة
*He has jest finished his work .
تعبر عن أشياء لم تحدث حتى الآن
*I have never traveled by plane. *He hasn’t come yet.
I have seen him before. .
يعبر عن شيء وقع في الماضي ولكننا لا نعرف متى حدث
*I have written five letters.
اذا كانت الجملة تعبر عن كمية أو عدد
يستخدم المضارع التام مع الكلمات الآتية:
Since ,for ,so far ,yet, already .never .ever , recently, lately , up till now, just
*لاحظ ما يلي:

Ex :I last ate fish when I was in Alex.(since)
*I haven’t eaten fish since I was in Alex.
Ex :I last saw her in 2000.(for/since).
*I haven’t seen her since 2000.
Ex : I haven't seen her for a year . ( it's )
* it's a year since I last saw her .
Ex : I started learning English 5 years ago . ( for )
* I have been learning English for five years .
Ex : I have just seen her . ( a moment ago )
* I saw her a moment ago .
Ex : Have you ever been to Italy ? ( never )
* No , I have never been to Italy .

Since , For

Ex : For a year / an hour / the last year / years
يأتي بعد Since بداية الحديث
Since the start , the end of , the beginning of

Since 2003 For a year
Since 2 o'clock For an hour
Since last year For the last year
Since Monday For a day
Since April For a month

ذهب ولم يعد * Have , has gone to ( went to place and he didn't come back )
ذهب وعاد *Have , has been to ( went to place and come back )
She is the best girl I have ever seen .
يستخدم المضارع التام + over + فترة زمنية .
There has been a sharp rise in prices over the last week .

تأتي في النفي والاستفهام (Yet )
تستخدم Since كرابط زمني كالتالي :
sub . + have / has + p.p Since , sub .+ v.( d, ed , ied )
EG : I haven't seen her Since , She left Cairo .




ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ


The past simple with for , in , ago , from …. To ….
He was born in 1990 .
He studied at a studied at a secondary school from 1976 to 1980 .
He left Cairo two days ago .

Need to be + p.p /verb + ing
تستخدم هذه الصيغة لتؤكد علي الحدث وليس الفاعل
Eg : I need to cut my hair . ( cutting )
* My hair needs cutting ./ needs to be cut
Eg : I need to wash my car . ( washed )
* My car needs to be washed ./ needs washing
ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ
الضمائر المنعكسة :Units ( 16-20 ) Relative Pronouns

Reflexive Pronouns
Myself I
Himself He
Herself She
Itself It
Yourself You
Ourselves We
Themselves They
Oneself One


1- يستخدم الضمير المنعكس اذا كان الفاعل هو نفسة المفعول .
I don't want you to pay for me . I'll pay for myself .
2- يستخدم الضمير المنعكس بعد (by ) للتأكيد .

 alone
Own + ضمير ملكيه +on = ضمير منعكس + by

 With no help – without any help

* I didn't the work alone . ( myself )
= I did the work by myself .
3- لا يستخدم الضمير المنعكس بعد هذه الأفعال .
( wash – shower – shave – dress )
* I got up , showered , shaved and dressed .
لاحظ هذه الأمثلة الأتية :
1- It was Ali who did the work ( himself )
= Ali did the work by himself .
2- She spent a happy time on the beach . ( herself )
= She enjoyed herself on the beach .
3- You can have as a many bananas as you like . ( Yourself )
= Help yourself to many bananas .

Provided ( that ) / as long as = if

You can borrow my car only if you drive carefully . ( provided )
You can borrow my car only provided you drive carefully .
* Unless you study hard , you will get low marks . ( provided that )
* You will get low marks provided that you don't study hard .
* Provided that you don't run fast , you won't win the race . ( unless )
= Unless you run fast , you won't win the race .




If you don't work hard , you won't get much money .
Unless you work hard , you won't get much money .
ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ

Verb + object + preposition + noun or v.+ing

يمنع من discourage ….from يتهم بــ accuse …of
يقترض من borrow …from يتهم بــــ charge ….with
يهنئ علي congratulate …on يلوم علي blame …for
يخبر عن شئ inform …about/of يعد ( يجهز ) prepare ….for

Conditionals :

(will,can,may +inf )جواب الشرط مضارع بسيط If +present simple
تعبر عن إمكانية محتملة It expresses real possibilities
Eg : If you read the question well , you can answer it .

(would,could,might +inf )جواب الشرط ماضي بسيط If +Past simple
تعبر عن مواقف غير محتملة It expresses real improbable situations
Eg : If he ran fast , he would win the race .

المصدر would + inf . جواب الشرط If + were
تعبر عن إمكانية غير محتملة It expresses improbable possibility .
Eg: If I were a king , I would marry a queen .
If + past perfect would / could /might + have + p.p
If he had had money he would have bought a car .

































ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ

الاستنتاج : Deduction

Past % present
Must have + p.p. 90% بالتأكيد أن المصدر +must
Can't have + p.p. 90% بالتأكيد أنه لا can't +inf.
May have + p.p. 50% ربما أن may + inf.
Might have + p.p . 20% ربما أن might + inf

Eg : Ali is singing .I'm sure he is happy . ( must )
* He must be happy .
Eg : Ali was singing .I'm sure he was happy . ( must have )
* He must have been happy .
Eg : The window is broken . It's quite possible the thief escaped through it . ( could )
* The thief could have escaped through the window .












ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ